How to implement search and rescue after an earthquake

Post-disaster search and rescue

After an earthquake, it is crucial for the disaster relief commander to remain persistent in search and rescue efforts. They should not give up or delay operations until all potential survivors have been thoroughly checked, especially before completing the “selective debris removal” process. Even if only one more day is available, it could mean the difference between saving lives and losing them.

One unified command structure is essential during large-scale rescue operations. This involves coordinating with external resources such as military personnel, utility workers, and heavy equipment operators. The Search and Rescue Operations Command must ensure timely access to these resources while maintaining strict control over who enters the site.

Each rescue site must have a designated leader responsible for coordination and decision-making. This person has the authority to mobilize all on-site personnel and organize the rescue teams effectively. When multiple teams are involved, a lead captain and a safety officer should be appointed, ensuring clear communication and accountability.

Rescue experts must manage the affected area carefully, including shutting down utilities, marking high-risk zones, and removing non-essential personnel. They also need to arrange spaces for equipment and supplies, ensuring a safe and efficient working environment.

The search and rescue process can be divided into five key phases. First, the assessment phase involves identifying possible survivors and evaluating structural stability. Then, specialized tools are used to remove debris selectively. After that, large-scale clean-up begins once all known survivors are safely evacuated. Finally, ground-level survivors are quickly and safely transported out of the area.

When resources are limited, difficult decisions must be made. Factors like the likelihood of survival, the number of people at risk, and the safety of rescuers play a critical role in determining priorities. Every choice made during this time can significantly impact the outcome of the mission.

Before starting any operation, the affected area must be secured. Only authorized personnel are allowed inside, and strict protocols are enforced to ensure safety. A perimeter is set around the site, and dangerous areas are clearly marked to prevent accidental entry.

Key areas within the rescue site include medical assistance zones, rest areas for personnel, equipment storage, and supply warehouses. Access roads and emergency evacuation points must also be established to support logistics and quick response when needed.

Professional collaboration is vital. Heavy equipment operators, technical experts, and medical professionals all contribute to the success of the mission. Communication between different groups must be seamless, and each team must understand their roles and responsibilities.

Safety measures include clear warning signals for evacuation and re-entry. All personnel must be trained to recognize and respond to these signals promptly. For example, three short alarm rings signal an immediate evacuation, while a long and short ring indicates the return to action.

In some cases, survivors may survive for weeks in collapsed structures. It’s important not to give up until every possible space has been searched. Independent teams are more efficient, and using multiple methods—like search dogs and acoustic devices—ensures accuracy. Areas must be kept quiet and well-marked to avoid confusion and wasted effort.

Three main search methods are commonly used: manual, technical, and dog-based. Manual searches involve direct exploration and listening for sounds. Technical searches use sound waves and vibration monitoring, while search dogs are trained to detect signs of life. Each method has its strengths and is often combined for better results.

Search strategies focus on prioritizing high-risk areas based on building type and occupancy. Teams are organized with specific roles, including captains, technical experts, and medical personnel. Equipment like air monitors, cameras, and listening devices are essential for effective operations.

Rescue dogs are highly effective in locating survivors. Two teams typically work together—one to find and another to confirm. Once confirmed, the area is marked for further action. This ensures accuracy and reduces the chances of missing anyone.