How to implement search and rescue after an earthquake

Post-disaster search and rescue

After a major earthquake, the disaster relief commander must not abandon or delay search and rescue efforts until all possibilities have been exhausted. It is crucial to complete the "selective debris removal" process without skipping any potential areas before giving up. Even extending the operation by just one more day could save more lives. The coordination of resources and time is essential in such critical situations.

One unified command structure is vital for effective rescue operations. In addition to the official rescue teams, it's necessary to bring in external support from military personnel, utility contractors, and heavy equipment operators. The Search and Rescue Operations Command should manage these resources efficiently. Safety protocols must be strictly followed, and each site should have a designated leader who can coordinate and direct all on-site personnel. For large-scale operations involving multiple teams, a team captain with full authority should be appointed, along with a safety officer to ensure everyone's well-being.

Assessment opportunities are key during post-disaster operations. The process can be divided into five stages: initial assessment of collapsed areas, searching for survivors, selective debris removal, large-scale cleanup, and safe evacuation of those on the surface. Each phase requires careful planning and execution to maximize the chances of saving lives while ensuring the safety of rescuers.

When faced with difficult choices, factors such as the difficulty of the rescue, expected outcomes, and the safety of the rescue teams must be considered. When resources are limited, prioritization becomes critical. Teams must evaluate which areas offer the highest chance of finding survivors and act accordingly.

Setting up a secure and organized operational area is essential. The affected zone should be restricted, allowing only authorized personnel to enter. Clear zones should be established for medical assistance, rest, equipment storage, and logistics. Access roads must be maintained, and emergency collection points set up for quick response if needed.

Professional collaboration among different experts enhances the effectiveness of search and rescue. Heavy equipment specialists, technical information experts, structural engineers, hazardous materials officers, and medical professionals all play critical roles. Communication and coordination between these groups are essential for successful operations.

Security measures include clear warning signals and evacuation procedures. All rescuers must be trained to recognize and respond to alerts. This ensures that everyone can react quickly in case of danger.

In some cases, survivors may be trapped for more than two to three weeks, especially in honeycombed structures. Rescuers should not give up until every possible space has been checked. Independent teams should conduct searches for maximum efficiency, and results from non-direct methods like dogs or sound devices must be verified by two separate teams. Areas that have been searched should be clearly marked to avoid repetition.

Three main search methods are used: manual, technical, and dog-based. Manual search involves using loudspeakers and listening for sounds. Technical search uses sound waves, vibration sensors, and even thermal imaging. Dog teams are trained to detect human presence and confirm findings. Each method has its strengths and is used depending on the situation.

Search teams typically consist of a captain, technical experts, medical personnel, and structural engineers. They must be equipped with tools like air monitors, marking materials, and communication devices. Their primary goal is to locate survivors, assess risks, and report back to the command center for further action.

Overall, post-disaster search and rescue requires a combination of strategy, coordination, and adaptability. Every decision made during this critical period can mean the difference between life and death. By following structured procedures and working together, rescue teams can maximize their chances of success and save as many lives as possible.