The video surveillance systems currently in use at Chinese ports are typically composed of cameras, fiber optic cables, matrix switches, digital video recorders (DVRs), and video walls. However, due to the large volume of video footage and repetitive content, these systems often remain unattended even with on-duty personnel. When incidents occur, retrieving and analyzing video from the DVR becomes a crucial function of the system. Despite human monitoring, the limitations of human attention—such as fatigue and distraction—can lead to missed events or misjudged situations.
Intelligent video surveillance technology aims to address these challenges by using computers to assist in monitoring. Modern computers offer high reliability and can operate 24/7, significantly reducing the risk of human error caused by fatigue. This technology also helps prevent internal collusion among staff, enhancing security integrity.
Although intelligent video analytics cannot fully replace human operators, it greatly reduces the workload of monitoring personnel and improves the overall quality of surveillance. Compared to traditional systems, it enables early detection and even prevention of potential threats, making it especially valuable for critical infrastructure like ports.
**Functions and Applications of Intelligent Video Analysis in Ports**
The primary needs for video surveillance in domestic ports include theft prevention, production safety, and anti-terrorism. Key areas such as the storage of valuable goods and sensitive facilities are typical application scenarios. Since China ratified the Sonus Convention, all U.S.-bound ports must meet strict security standards. Additionally, anti-terrorism measures have become a priority for major ports across the country.
**Main Functions of Intelligent Video Analysis Systems**
1. **Image Acquisition and Interface**: Most intelligent video analysis algorithms work with non-compressed formats like RGB or YUV. Image signals are sent directly to the analysis unit without compression. Existing systems may need to decompress video streams before processing.
2. **Moving Object Detection**: This involves identifying moving objects in a scene. However, not all image changes are relevant—such as camera noise, lighting fluctuations, or environmental effects like shadows and reflections. These false positives must be filtered out using advanced algorithms.
3. **Multi-Object Tracking**: This function tracks moving objects across frames. While this is an active research area, current systems still struggle with complex scenarios involving multiple objects or overlapping movements.
4. **Behavioral Analysis**: This includes detecting specific actions, such as unauthorized entry, abandoned objects, missing items, crowd density, or unusual movement patterns. These features help in identifying suspicious activities in real-time.
5. **Alarm Setting**: Intelligent systems allow users to define alarm conditions based on location, time, object type, speed, and behavior, offering more flexible monitoring options.
6. **Alarm Linkage**: Once an alert is triggered, the system can trigger additional actions, such as zooming in with PTZ cameras or sending notifications to security personnel via voice, text, or images.
**Special Needs of Port Surveillance**
Ports face unique challenges that require tailored solutions. For example, illegal parking in container yards or spontaneous combustion in coal yards demand specialized monitoring. Intelligent video analytics can provide effective tools to address these issues, but integration with port operations requires careful planning.
**Challenges in Port Surveillance**
1. **Large Coverage Area**: Port perimeters can span several kilometers, with limited installation points. Most systems are designed for shorter distances, which can limit their effectiveness in wide-open spaces.
2. **Camera Shake**: Due to exposure to wind and open environments, camera stability is a major concern. Fixed cameras must compensate for shake to avoid false alarms.
3. **Surface Reflections and Waves**: Monitoring water areas, such as docks, introduces challenges like glare from sunlight or waves, which can cause numerous false alerts if not properly managed.
**Technology Development Trends**
Intelligent video analytics is still in its early stages, both technologically and commercially. While foreign markets have broader applications, the domestic market is dominated by systems integrating foreign technologies. In the long run, the shift toward intelligent surveillance is gaining recognition from governments, integrators, and end-users alike. Choosing the right time to implement such technology is essential for improving port security while balancing cost, performance, and user needs.
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