Chicken manure can be processed into feed using various methods, each with its own advantages and applications. One of the most common techniques is natural drying, where fresh chicken manure is spread on a concrete floor or mat and exposed to sunlight to remove impurities, sterilize, and deodorize. Once the moisture content drops below 10%, it is crushed and stored for later use.
Another method involves heating the manure at different temperatures. For example, it can be heated at 70°C for 12 hours, 140°C for 1 hour, or 180°C for 30 minutes. Alternatively, adding 30% industrial ferrous sulfate to the fresh manure and then drying it at 120–160°C can also reduce moisture to 10%.
Solar greenhouses are another option, where the manure is placed in a glass greenhouse and dried using solar energy while being agitated and dehumidified. High-temperature rapid drying is also used, where the manure is treated in a high-temperature dryer at 500–550°C, reducing moisture to 13% or less while preserving nutrients.
Microwave drying is another innovative technique. The manure is first pre-dried to under 40% moisture, then pulverized and subjected to microwave treatment. This method not only dries the material quickly but also helps maintain nutritional value, kill insects, sterilize, and deodorize.
Fermentation is another popular approach. Natural anaerobic fermentation involves placing the manure in sealed containers, allowing it to ferment over several months depending on the season. Oxygenation fermentation uses aerobic bacteria to break down harmful gases, improving amino acid content and reducing odor. Alcohol fermentation adds alcohol and sugar to the manure, enhancing flavor and digestibility.
Mixing chicken manure with grass powder, green feed, and bran creates a balanced feed mixture that can be fermented and used as livestock feed. Silage fermentation is also effective, where the manure is mixed with green feed and other ingredients and left to ferment for 30–45 days.
Chemical treatments such as propionic acid and acetic acid can improve the palatability and storage life of the feed. Ferrous sulfate is also used to reduce odor and make the feed more suitable for animal consumption.
Puffing treatment involves dehydrating the manure, adding tempering agents, and then subjecting it to a puffing machine for sterilization and texture improvement. Thermal spray technology applies high heat and pressure to further enhance the quality of the feed.
When used as animal feed, chicken manure has shown promising results. In pigs, replacing up to 50% of traditional feed with chicken manure can increase daily weight gain and reduce feed costs. In laying hens, adding 20% chicken manure feed does not significantly affect egg production. For cattle and sheep, studies show that up to 50% of concentrate can be replaced with fermented chicken manure without negatively affecting milk yield or growth rates.
In aquaculture, chicken manure-based feeds have been successfully used in fish farming, improving growth rates and reducing feed costs. Overall, chicken manure offers a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to conventional feed sources, contributing to better resource utilization and environmental protection. However, further research is needed to ensure safety, optimize processing methods, and establish standardized nutritional data for broader application.
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