Tool steel cutters have a heat resistance temperature of about 200-300 ° C. They can only be used for cutting of general materials and lose hardness at high temperatures. Due to the poor heat resistance of the tool, the cooling effect of the coolant is required to be good, and an emulsion is generally preferred.
High-speed steel cutter This material is a high-grade alloy steel based on chromium, nickel, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium (some also contain aluminum). Their heat resistance is significantly higher than that of tool steel, and the maximum temperature allowed is 600. °C. Compared with other high temperature resistant metal and ceramic materials, high speed steel has a number of advantages, especially its high toughness, suitable for geometrically complex workpieces and continuous cutting, and high speed steel has good workability and The price is easy to accept. Oil-based cutting fluids or emulsions are recommended for low speed and medium speed cutting with high speed steel tools. In high-speed cutting, it is preferable to use a water-based cutting fluid because of the large amount of heat generation. If oil-based cutting fluid is used, it will produce more oil mist, pollute the environment, and it will easily cause burns on the workpiece, the processing quality will decrease, and the tool wear will increase.
Carbide tools Carbide for cutting tools consists of tungsten carbide (WC), titanium carbide (TiC), tantalum carbide (TaC) and 5-10% cobalt. Its hardness greatly exceeds that of high speed steel. The working temperature can reach 1000 °C, and it has excellent wear resistance. When processing steel materials, it can reduce the sticking phenomenon between chips. When selecting the cutting fluid, consider the sensitivity of the cemented carbide to the sudden heat, and make the tool evenly heated as much as possible, otherwise it will cause chipping. In the processing of general materials, dry cutting is often used, but in dry cutting, the workpiece temperature rise is high, the workpiece is prone to thermal deformation, affecting the machining accuracy of the workpiece, and cutting without lubricant, due to cutting resistance Large, the power consumption is increased, and the wear of the tool is also accelerated. Carbide tools are more expensive, so from an economic point of view, dry cutting is not cost effective. When the cutting fluid is selected, the heat transfer performance of the oil-based cutting fluid is generally poor, and the risk of quenching the tool is smaller than that of the water-based cutting fluid. Therefore, it is generally preferred to use an oil-based cutting fluid containing an anti-wear additive. When cutting with a coolant, be careful to evenly cool the tool. It is best to cool the tool with cutting fluid before starting the cutting. For high-speed cutting, it is necessary to spray the cutting zone with a large flow of cutting fluid to avoid chipping caused by uneven heating of the tool, and to reduce oily smoke pollution caused by evaporation caused by excessive temperature.
Ceramic knives are made of alumina, metal and carbide at high temperatures. The high temperature wear resistance of this material is better than that of hard alloys. Dry cutting is generally used, but considering uniform cooling and avoiding excessive temperature, Water based cutting fluids are often used.
Diamond tools have extremely high hardness and are generally used for cutting. To avoid excessive temperatures, as with ceramic materials, water-based cutting fluids are used in many cases.
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