Using a unified grid to connect more than 40 countries in Asia. This bold idea is due to the rise of transportation networks and oil and gas corridors connecting East Asia, Central Asia, Western Asia and even Europe in recent years, and the guidelines of the “Silk Road Economic Belt†are gradually becoming more and more probable.
Recently, the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (hereinafter referred to as "ESCAP") invited representatives of multinational experts, enterprises, and investment institutions in Asia to work together in Urumqi to discuss the construction of an "energy highway" across Asia, with the aim of creating pan- The "super power grid" in the Asian region enables energy to be transnationally deployed.
It can be imagined that all-round and deep-level cooperation on the cross-border economic corridor of 3 billion people will have an important impact on the future direction of Asia-Europe economy. In fact, in recent years, transport networks and oil and gas corridors linking East Asia, Central Asia, Western Asia, and even Europe have not only specific implementation roadmaps, but some have become reality and have laid a solid foundation for the decision-making of the “Silk Road Economic Beltâ€. Implement the foundation.
What is the power of "Asia Super Power Grid"?
In the broad globe of the Eurasian continent, energy supply and demand are extremely uneven.
In the direction of East Asia, South Korea and Japan are big energy consumers, but their supply capacity is weak, and their foreign dependence is over 90%. Mongolia has huge reserves of coal, wind energy and solar energy. The consumer market is limited and the power base is weak. In the direction of Central Asia, Turkmen Stein and Kazakhstan have rich oil and gas reserves and hope to find a way out. The neighboring China hopes to explore more energy supply channels. In South Asia, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and other countries are very rich in hydropower, and supply exceeds demand, and nearby There are nearly 40 million people in Afghanistan and Pakistan lacking electricity. There are similar situations in Southeast Asia.
“Asia's energy consumption market is huge, resources are unevenly distributed, and countries have complementary power supply and demand. Therefore, attempting cross-border energy integration can solve urgent supply problems in some countries and make the regional energy structure more balanced.†Zheng Fangneng, Director of the Energy and Transportation Division of the company, told the reporter that “the launch of multilateral cooperation in energy is the only way for countries to solve energy security.â€
Derek B. Akinson, an ESCAP energy expert, further explained that by creating an interconnected “Asian super power gridâ€, transnational power trading and interconnection can be completed, promoting regional energy supply and demand balance, and improving the economic efficiency of energy use. “This is Future Asian collective energy strategy."
This idea has attracted great interest from South Korea and Japan. After the nuclear crisis in Fukushima, South Korea and Japan reassess the safety status of nuclear power and plan to reduce their application ratio. However, the implementation of this plan must have new energy supplements, which is very much for the supply of Koreans and Japanese who are “strugglingâ€. difficult. Kim Sung-sung, a senior researcher at the Korea Energy Research Institute, confessed that “Asian power grid interconnection is not only a problem of power supply but also relates to future energy security and energy structure for South Korea.â€
Promoting the use of renewable energy is another driving force for the Asian super power grid. The Stockholm Environment Institute Eric Kemp B Benedict said that neither wind nor solar energy can be transported and can only be transformed into electricity for transmission applications. Climate change requires countries to design fossil-fuel-based transmission models alone. It is necessary to design a transportation model based on renewable energy. Without a strong grid that is deployed on a large scale, the scaled utilization of renewable energy cannot be realized. Therefore, achieving electricity interconnection in the Pan-Asian region can help break through wind power and Photovoltaic application bottlenecks.
According to a previous research report of the Asian Development Bank, due to factors such as high population density and economic development stages, Asia is not only a concentrated area for carbon emissions, but also a “fragile region†that bears climate change, and is most affected by extreme climate changes such as rising sea levels and floods. .
The participants agreed that in the next 5 to 15 years, Asian countries should develop more extensive and close cooperation in electricity and actively increase the proportion of renewable energy applications. In 2012, China's wind power and photovoltaic installed capacity reached 60 million kilowatts and 7 million kilowatts, respectively, making it the world's fastest growing "green energy" country. “Wind power and photovoltaics are clean, but they are not stable and they cannot be too large in the grid. In the future, if there is a very strong and powerful grid, then the Gobi Desert in northern Asia can provide a steady stream of energy.†Chinese Academy of Sciences Electrician Research Professor Xu Honghua said.
Myth or opportunity?
Energy cooperation is undoubtedly one of the most sensitive and urgent cooperation in international cooperation. Some people expect to use a unified power grid to connect more than 40 countries in Asia closely. This kind of idea is almost "myth." However, in Southeast Asia, a sub-regional multinational power grid, APG, which has covered Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, Singapore, and Indonesia, has already been in operation for many years.
As early as in 1997, ASEAN countries began to brewing the cross-regional connectivity of electricity, natural gas and water resources. The design of electricity was approved by the energy ministers of ASEAN member countries in 2003 and gradually developed into an APG plan. In 2007, member states signed the memorandum of understanding for the ASEAN grid plan.
The head of the Thai Electricity Authority, Cowan Law B Su Ruisufen, said that the ASEAN grid is currently interconnected by more than a dozen countries in Southeast Asia. A total of 10 subsystems complete direct electricity purchases or energy exchanges through AC and DC transmission lines. In 2012, APG’s power generation amounted to 254.9 billion kwh, which cumulatively saved ASEAN countries US$788 million.
In addition, ASEAN Power Grid has formed an organizational structure including the Ministerial Conference on Energy, Energy Center, and Coal Dialogue. Eight working groups including power generation, transmission, distribution, policy business R&D, and human resources are responsible for day-to-day operations. By 2015, the ASEAN grid will also put into operation 16 new power projects, which will make power connections in all countries even closer and develop in the direction of networking.
In Central Asia’s South Asia region, a “CASA-1000†power project linking Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Pakistan and Afghanistan is now entering commercial operations. The project plans to use 1,300 kilometers of high-voltage power transmission lines to transport surplus electricity from Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to Pakistan and Afghanistan.
According to Sunil B Kumar Kesla, a World Bank Group energy project expert, the total investment of the project is 970 million U.S. dollars. The World Bank and the Islamic Development Bank provide 40% and 20% financing support respectively, and they will be determined by the end of this year. Specific operators and government financial support.
In Northeast Asia, the “Gobi Desert Super Power Grid†co-operated by China, South Korea and Mongolia has also signed a memorandum of understanding that will transport wind power and photovoltaics from northern China and Mongolia to South Korea. At present, a detailed action plan has been issued and the project site is underway.
From the experience of multinational power grids that have been built or are under construction, experts believe that “Asian energy highways†may create enormous business opportunities in the coming decades, including power generation, power infrastructure construction, technological innovation, standard setting, and renewable Energy and supporting industries and many other industries.
Derek B. Akinson said that cross-border integration of energy is not only a demand side, but also infrastructure investment, technology services and other areas are facing great opportunities. Zhong Zhi, president of China Power Construction Xinjiang Electric Power Design Institute, revealed that at present, the company has undertaken some market design and general contracting projects in the power upgrades in Central Asian countries. More and more Chinese companies are looking for business opportunities in Central Asia.
Pan-Asian Grid Interoperability Risks Still Exist
In Xinjiang, which is located in the center of Asia and Europe, researchers, companies, and investors from Asia-Pacific countries have explored the possibility of establishing "Asian super power grids" from different angles of view and constantly colliding with the ideological sparks. One of the consensuses among participants is that cross-border transportation and energy interoperability are feasible, but the formation of a unified Asian power market is still a long-term goal, and specific implementation faces many risks and variables.
The complex division of interests may be the biggest obstacle to energy cooperation.
According to Yamamura, an energy expert at the East Asia Department of the Asian Development Bank, energy is a strategic resource, whether it is converted into electricity for transport to other countries. This is a problem that every country will seriously consider. Different countries have their own power companies. Sensitivity, how prices are determined in power transactions, and how interests are distributed are crucial. Both parties need to establish mutual trust mechanisms first.
One of the world’s top 500 ABB companies has a strong interest in the concept of “Asian super power gridâ€. "The main challenge is out-of-technology, and both parties must reach an unanimous political will," said Dr. Liu Qian, a researcher at ABB China Research Center. "We are not very pessimistic. We just need some patience."
Min Zhi also proposed that long-distance power transmission must also consider the support of the regions in which it is being implemented. Some of the DC power transmission and transformation projects currently under construction in China have encountered the problem of lack of enthusiasm for provinces along the route.
Multinational power cooperation requires a unified technical standard. The economic development of Asian countries is at different stages. The technical standards for transmission are different, and the level of development of power is uneven. Therefore, power grid connectivity faces technical and institutional obstacles. Cheng Lu, a senior engineer at the State Grid Corporation of China, for example, said that the Central Asian power grid is relatively weak, and lacks the huge amount of capital required for the early construction of the power grid. The next step of interconnecting with China's northwest power grid needs to increase the level of the main grid.
The difficulty of unification of laws and regulations is another bottleneck for the interconnection of Asian power grids. The European Union of Transmission Operators (ENTSO-E) is responsible for the construction of high-voltage transmission infrastructure in Europe for 40 years, covering more than 500 million people. Mihai B. Bonn, expert advisor of the European Union of Transmission Operators, said that the EU's extensively established high-voltage power transmission network depends on relatively well-developed infrastructure legislation. Uniform laws and regulations can promote financing, standardize the actions of all parties involved, and reduce disputes. In Asia, there are more than 40 countries. This is a very extensive legal system and it is difficult to coordinate.
According to years of practical experience of the ASEAN grid and the EU grid, experts believe that the "Asian super power grid" future roadmap may include five steps: First, start preparations for national ownership, establish a full-time ministerial level or above, and exchange regularly; Find the source of funds for the project; third is to prepare for research and evaluation projects, including risk, environmental assessment, social assessment and other aspects, and adjust the project design; Fourth, high-level consensus formation of intergovernmental cooperation, signing agreement on electricity consumption, put forward the operation and maintenance framework for the latter part; It is to determine the plan, carry out on-site testing, and build demonstration projects.
"We are riding a wave on a big ship called 'Supergrid,' and we need to open our minds and reach a consensus. Although this is a long-term goal, we have a responsibility to start such an important journey." Kimson Chung may be expressing the industry. The common voice of experts.
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