Varistors, particularly zinc oxide varistors, are widely used in various applications and are commonly known as surge absorbers. A surge absorber is a type of nonlinear resistor that exhibits symmetrical voltage and current characteristics. Its main purpose is to protect electronic devices and components from electrical surges or overvoltage events, especially those caused by lightning strikes or switching operations. The working principle of a surge absorber is based on its nonlinear voltage-current relationship. It remains highly resistive under normal operating conditions, allowing the circuit to function without interference. However, when an overvoltage event occurs, the varistor quickly reacts, reducing its resistance to just a few ohms. This allows it to divert the excess energy away from sensitive electronics, effectively clamping the voltage to a safe level. Zinc oxide varistors are favored for their fast response time, low leakage current, minimal voltage overshoot, and high energy absorption capability. They also offer a wide voltage-to-energy ratio and require very little standby power. Additionally, they do not allow any follow-up current after the surge has passed, ensuring stable and reliable protection. When not activated, the varistor presents a high impedance (often in the megaohm range) to the protected circuit, ensuring that the original design remains unaffected. If a transient voltage exceeds the varistor's rated maximum clamping voltage, its resistance drops dramatically, creating a short circuit that triggers the fuse or circuit breaker, thus isolating the surge from the rest of the system. Varistors are primarily used for lightning protection and overvoltage suppression. In power systems, they are often placed at the output of a transformer to safeguard downstream equipment. Similarly, in household applications, a varistor should be installed at the end of the power line to prevent damage from voltage spikes. If the grid voltage rises beyond safe limits, the varistor will activate, preventing the surge from reaching the internal circuits of electronic devices. This helps protect sensitive components from failure or damage. In fact, varistors are among the most commonly used components in household appliances, including air conditioners, where they play a critical role in maintaining system stability and longevity. For more information, visit http://.
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