Varistors, particularly zinc oxide varistors, are widely used in various applications and have a well-known function in protecting electronic systems.
A surge absorber is a type of resistor that exhibits nonlinear voltage-current characteristics, allowing it to respond quickly to sudden voltage spikes. Its main purpose is to safeguard sensitive electronic components from damage caused by surges or overvoltages.
The design concept behind surge absorbers is to protect all electronic devices connected to the power supply, especially those not directly exposed to lightning strikes or switching transients.
These surges or overvoltage events are not dependent on the nonlinear exponent characteristics of the device. Instead, they rely on the material's ability to rapidly change its resistance in response to voltage fluctuations.
Zinc oxide varistors offer several advantages, including fast response time, low leakage current, minimal voltage overshoot, a wide voltage-to-energy ratio, and low standby power consumption.
They also have no follow-up current, high surge energy handling capability, and stable clamping voltage performance.
When the varistor is not active, it presents a high impedance (typically in the megaohm range) to the protected circuit, ensuring that the original circuit design remains unaffected.
However, if an instantaneous surge exceeds the varistor’s maximum clamping voltage, its impedance drops dramatically—often to just a few ohms.
This sudden drop creates a short circuit, diverting the excessive current away from the sensitive components and preventing damage to the electronics.
Varistors are primarily used for lightning protection and overvoltage suppression. They are commonly installed at the secondary side of power transformers.
In residential settings, it’s recommended to install a varistor at the end of the electrical line. This ensures that if the grid voltage rises unexpectedly, the varistor will activate, triggering a short circuit and cutting off the power through the fuse.
This prevents overvoltage from reaching the internal circuitry of electronic devices, thereby protecting them from potential damage.
In fact, varistors are one of the most commonly used components in household appliances, such as air conditioners, where they play a crucial role in maintaining system stability and safety.
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