Magnesium is a pure white metal with a dense hexagonal crystal structure. It has a melting point of 651°C and a density ranging from 1.75 to 1.85 g/cm³, making it one of the lightest engineering metals available. Its density is only about a quarter of steel and two-thirds that of aluminum, which makes it highly desirable for weight-sensitive applications. In terms of mechanical properties, magnesium exhibits higher specific strength compared to iron and steel, and it offers excellent machinability, allowing for high-speed cutting. It also demonstrates good resistance to impact loads and maintains dimensional stability under various conditions.
However, magnesium is highly reactive chemically due to its low electrode potential. This makes it prone to corrosion in humid environments, fresh water, seawater, and most acidic or saline solutions. The oxide layer that forms on its surface when exposed to air is typically loose and porous, providing minimal protection against further degradation. As a result, magnesium requires protective coatings or alloying to enhance its corrosion resistance.
Additionally, magnesium is highly reactive and can oxidize rapidly in the air, especially at elevated temperatures. The oxidation process releases significant heat, which can lead to spontaneous combustion if not properly controlled. This characteristic necessitates careful handling during manufacturing and processing.
In its pure form, magnesium has relatively poor mechanical properties, particularly in terms of ductility. Its plasticity is significantly lower than that of aluminum, with elongation values typically around 10% at room temperature. This limitation is largely due to the hexagonal close-packed (HCP) crystal structure, which restricts the number of active slip systems and limits deformation ability. To overcome these challenges, magnesium is often alloyed with other elements to improve its strength, formability, and overall performance in practical applications.
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