1. Definition
Tools, also known as cutting tools, are essential components used in machining processes. They are designed to remove material from a workpiece through various cutting actions. Broadly speaking, cutting tools include both conventional tools and abrasive tools. While most of them are machine-made, some are still manually operated. In the context of mechanical manufacturing, where metal materials are primarily cut, the term "tool" typically refers to metal-cutting tools.
2. Tool Material
The material used for making cutting tools must possess high hardness, wear resistance, sufficient bending strength, impact toughness, and chemical inertness. It should also be easy to process through methods like cutting, forging, and heat treatment, and maintain its shape without deformation during use.
Cemented carbide inserts are known for their excellent wear resistance when the material is hard, but they tend to have lower impact strength. On the other hand, high-speed steel offers superior flexural strength and impact toughness, along with good machinability, which makes it the most widely used tool material today. Hard alloys follow closely behind in application.
Polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) is ideal for cutting hardened steels and hard cast irons, while polycrystalline diamond (PDC) is suitable for non-ferrous metals, as well as composites, plastics, and glass-reinforced materials. Carbon tool steel and alloy tool steel are now mainly used in manual tools such as chisels, dies, and taps.
Carbide inserts are often coated with layers such as titanium carbide, titanium nitride, alumina, or composite hard coatings using chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Physical vapor deposition (PVD) is also gaining popularity, especially for high-speed steel tools like drills, end mills, taps, and gear cutters. These coatings act as barriers against chemical diffusion and heat transfer, significantly reducing tool wear and extending tool life by up to three times compared to uncoated versions.
With the increasing demands of modern manufacturing—such as high temperature, high pressure, high-speed operations, and working in corrosive environments—tools are required to handle more challenging materials. To meet these needs, the future of tool development will focus on creating new tool materials, advancing coating technologies to achieve higher hardness on tough substrates, improving indexable tool designs, enhancing manufacturing precision, reducing quality variations, and optimizing tool performance for better efficiency.
3. Classification
Tool holders can be categorized based on the type of cutting motion and the corresponding blade geometry.
(1) General-purpose tools include turning tools, shaping tools, milling cutters (excluding form tools), boring tools, twist drills, reamers, and saws.
(2) Forming tools have cutting edges that match the shape of the workpiece, such as form turning tools, forming shapers, and thread cutting tools.
(3) Specialized tools include hobbing cutters, bevel gear cutters, and other specific machining tools designed for particular applications.
Grinding head is a kind of small handle grinding tools, used in electric mills, hanging mills, hand electric drills. There are many kinds of diamond grinding head, ceramic grinding head, rubber grinding head, diamond grinding head, emery cloth grinding head.
Ceramic grinding head: grain size sand (generally brown corundum, white corundum, chrome corundum, silicon carbide) sintered by ceramic binder, with a metal handle in the center. Mainly grinding all kinds of metal, for grinding the inner wall of aperture, mold correction. Rubber grinding head: fine sand is synthesized by rubber binder for the polishing of mould
Diamond grinding head: A kind of stone material, ceramic materials and other non-metallic materials of grinding tools, especially involving a with diamond alloy grinding tools for grinding body, it includes substrate and a mill body, in which several mill body clearance to fixed to the substrate, the grinding surface of the grinding head grinding body also set a clearance, among them, the substrate is best by a certain toughness of adhesive materials, The grinding body is preferably made of diamond alloy material. The utility model has the advantages of high grinding performance, simple manufacturing and low cost, high grinding quality and being suitable for large-scale grinding
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