Abstract Liu Guangzhi (March 11, 1923 – November 19, 2014), Senior Fellow of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. He studied at the Department of Mechanical Engineering of Southwest Union University, the Department of Aviation of the National Northwest Institute of Technology, and the Department of Mining and Metallurgy of Beiyang University. He has served as the main committee of the Chinese Geological Society Exploration Engineering Committee...
Liu Guangzhi (March 11, 1923 - November 19, 2014), Senior Fellow of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. He studied at the Department of Mechanical Engineering of Southwest Union University, the Department of Aviation of the National Northwest Institute of Technology, and the Department of Mining and Metallurgy of Beiyang University. He has served as the chairman of the China Geological Society Exploration Engineering Committee, the China Coordinator of the International Continental Lithosphere Program (ILPCC-4), the Deputy Director of the Academic Committee of the National Key Laboratory of Scientific Drilling, and the Consultant of the Ministry of Land and Resources. The “Research and Application of Synthetic Diamond Drilling Technology†won the first prize of National Science and Technology Progress Award; Diamond Drilling Handbook and its English version of Diamond Drilling Handbook won the first prize of Science and Technology Progress Award of Ministry of Geology and Minerals; The series (1-8 episodes) won the certificate of major scientific and technological achievements of the world Chinese. 
As the main founder and pioneer of the New China Geological Prospecting Project, Liu Guangzhi devoted his life to drilling engineering: in the early days of liberation, he rushed to large mines such as Baiyun Obo, Tongguanshan and Panzhihua to organize comprehensive exploration of multiple types of work; Research and application of caliber drilling supporting technology; leading research to promote directional drilling, rope core drilling, air drilling, reverse circulation drilling, and hole bottom power drilling, which not only make China's drilling engineering rank first in the world, but also a group of old mines He has explored the deep reserve reserves; he has made outstanding contributions to the management of land subsidence in Shanghai, the use of small drilling equipment to treat serious jet fire accidents in the Tiandong coalfield in Guangxi, and the drilling of the first oil well in the Songliao Basin.
The Chinese mainland scientific drilling drilled 5,158 meters underground and was successfully completed in June 2005. In the face of this brilliant achievement of the latest information in the deep of the earth, Liu Guangzhi is very pleased with this. He has been advocating for many years since the end of the 1970s, and after nearly four years of hard work, he finally achieved results.
"Can't go to the sky in the sky"
Liu Guangzhi was born in Beijing on March 11, 1923. At the age of seven, he entered the private enlightenment. Soon after he was admitted to Beijing, he was directly transferred to the second grade. At the age of twelve, he was admitted to Conde School to attend junior high school. Later, he was admitted to Beijing No. 4 Middle School to attend high school. After graduating from high school, he and his classmates fled from Beiping, which was occupied by the Japanese army, and was admitted to the Mechanical Engineering Department of Southwest Union University.
Shortly after the start of university life, Liu Guangzhi was arrested for participating in the school. After being rescued, in order to avoid the persecution of the Kuomintang spies, he transferred to the aviation department of the National Northwest Institute of Technology in Hanzhong, Shaanxi. His ideal was to be a pilot, but due to poverty, he was unable to continue his studies in the aviation department and was forced to transfer to the mining and metallurgy department. "You can't go to the sky in heaven," and since then he has set aspirations for exploring underground treasures.
After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Liu Guangzhi moved back to Tianjin with the school. He graduated from Tianjin Beiyang University Mining and Metallurgy Department in June 1947 and obtained a bachelor's degree in engineering. In the same year, he went to Yumen, Gansu to participate in drilling and oil production, worked as an intern engineer, and later served as a drilling engineer for the Yumen Oil Mine of the National Government Resources Committee.
In January 1949, Liu Guangzhi was awarded the qualification for further education at the Colorado School of Mines due to his excellent internship and approval by the National Government Resources Committee. In order to meet the peaceful liberation of Peiping, he gave up the opportunity to study abroad and participate in underground work.
On April 29 of the same year, under the direction of the Enterprise Department of the People's Government of North China, Liu Guangzhi was sent to the Geological Survey to prepare for the geological drilling business in New China and served as the drilling team engineer of the Exploration Bureau of the China Geological Planning Commission. He led the drilling team to erect the first rig after the liberation of the Chinese geological department at the site of the Wangwangfen in Mentougou District, Beijing. Before October 1, he completed the planned goal of drilling 500 meters and used it to the Chinese people. The founding ceremony of the Republic’s founding ceremony.
Hosted "Huangpu Phase I"
In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Central People's Government shifted its focus to economic construction. With the great assistance of the Ministry of Heavy Industry, Liu Guangzhi presided over the first phase of the drilling engineer training class in Gongwangfu Garden (then Beijing Heavy Industry School) in 1951. For a long time, the drilling industry has always dubbed the students of this training class, which is the “Huangpu Phase I†of the drilling industry after the founding of New China. After training, these students were assigned to drills in large mining areas such as Bayan Obo, Tongguanshan, Daye, Panzhihua, Yongren, Yubei and Baiyin. In their work practice, they quickly became the backbone and backbone of the Chinese drilling team.
In June 1952, Liu Guangzhi's translation of the Drilling Machine Specification Manual was printed by the China Geological Steering Committee. He also presided over the development of the first Core Drilling Procedures and the Six Quality Indexes for Drilling in line with China's national conditions. This marked his indelible contribution to the formation of the first prospecting team of the New China Geological Department, and became the main founder of the formalization and large-scale prospecting drilling work after the liberation of China.
After the founding of New China, the newly formed geological department developed rapidly and the work was fruitful. This is the most direct relationship with the contribution of the founder and leader of China's geological industry and the famous scientist Li Siguang of China. Under the leadership of Li Siguang, Liu Guangzhi, with the technical staff of “Huangpu Phase Iâ€, has organized comprehensive exploration work for multiple types of work in large-scale mining areas. Through hard and unremitting efforts, the level of drilling in China has been rapidly improved.
When the new exploration technology team was just established, there were only more than 10 drilling rigs. In order to break the strict technical blockade imposed on China by several economic powers of capitalist society and meet the urgent needs of the country for various mineral resources during the economic recovery period, Liu Guangzhi overcomes various difficulties and has worked hard with his colleagues to quickly realize a history from China. Since 1953, the nationwide start of drilling rigs, together with spare rigs, has reached 3,000 units, a sharp increase of 300 times.
First fire extinguishing method
In the mid-autumn of 1959, the gas field of the Tiandong 113 coalfield in Guangxi was drilled with a gas jet fire. The fire column of the eruption was more than 20 meters, and it was impossible to extinguish the fire. Liu Guangzhi was ordered by the deputy minister of the Ministry of Geology, He Changgong, to rush to the scene of the fire.
At the scene, Liu Guangzhi creatively used oil field fire extinguishing experience to command 8 fire engines, and created a dense high-pressure water curtain on the well. Using the grenade that was quickly found, the accurate distance was measured, and the grenade was placed on the spray with a long pole. At the crater, the open flame is extinguished by blasting. Then, he directed the on-site staff to install two high-pressure water pumps and high-pressure pipelines, calculate the mud dosage, clean up the on-site debris, and personally enter the wellhead with the captain to drill down and quickly inject high-specific gravity mud into the well. , completely eliminate the possibility of fire recurrence. The victory of this fire fighting operation was the first case to realize the serious accident of small wellbore fire with small geological drilling equipment, and it became the first domestic and foreign.
It is his unshirkable duty to look around in Liu Guangzhi. It is his duty to improve the quality of drilling workers and know how to prevent and deal with accidents. To this end, he has compiled a series of professional guidance books entitled "Prevention and Treatment of Core Drilling Accidents" through the knowledge accumulated over the years and the experience from various literatures. Once published, the book has attracted attention throughout the drilling industry, which can be said to be a small shock.
Develop artificial diamond drilling tools
During the “Great Leap Forward†period, the geological system entered the peak period of mining development. However, due to the blind "leap forward", the construction of the drilling project "inefficient, poor quality, high cost" will inevitably occur simultaneously. Liu Guangzhi broke the tradition and boldly proposed a new concept of craftsmanship. He believed that diamond drilling is an innovative technology and an effective way to reverse the passive situation during the development of the drilling industry.
On the basis of extensive solicitation of opinions, Liu Guangzhi began to lead and organize the development of synthetic diamond drill bits. He first grasps the organization work and must implement it through the coordination of the superiors. Where does the diamond come from? China has not yet found a large natural diamond mine. The superior leader puts forward: “It must be based on domestic and based on man-made.†To this end, he has formulated a practical technical policy, that is, the idea of ​​“reconstruction and reconstruction, and gradual renewal†. As the coordinator and leader of the research and development of diamond drill bits, he has traveled between the institutes to coordinate technical cooperation and research and development progress with the support of the Ministry of Geology. Thanks to the efforts of scientific and technological workers, in the cooperation of the Department of Exploration and Engineering of the Ministry of Geology and several scientific research institutions, the artificial diamond drilling tools will be successfully developed in the short term. After comparative tests, the drilling efficiency and quality of the synthetic diamond drill bit developed by China itself significantly exceeds that of the Japanese diamond drill bit.
On December 6, 1963, China successfully developed the first synthetic diamond, which is a great news for the exploration industry. Since then, the Ministry of Geology and Minerals has carried out a comprehensive technical promotion of domestically produced synthetic diamond drill bits. In 1965, Mr. Xie Jiarong, a famous seismologist and chief engineer of the former geological department of China, pointed out: "The post-war geological work has been carried out to 'outer space' (exploration with Earth Resources Satellite) and 'inner space' (earth science drilling) The development of the direction has enabled the development of geology. "The artificial diamond drill bit developed by China has made China's exploration business even more prosperous. It has proven that there are 103 kinds of minerals with reserves in the country, completely overturning the foreign geologists. The conclusion that "China is poor in iron, lack of copper, and less oil" has made great achievements in the development of new China's industrial construction.
Governing Shanghai Settlement
Land subsidence is a geological disaster that leads to a reduction in regional ground elevations, which in turn contributes to a series of secondary disasters that cause serious harm.
The problem of land subsidence in Shanghai has actually existed since the beginning of the opening. From 1953 to 1956, the settlement amount was about 50 square kilometers at 0.05 meters. From 1956 to 1959, the annual urban settlement was expanded to 160 square kilometers at the same level. At that time, the largest annual average settlement was 110 mm, and the phenomenon of ground cracking, building tilt, and damage to the tamper-resistant wall appeared.
In the spring of 1960, Liu Guangzhi was invited to Shanghai to participate in a special seminar on settlement in Shanghai organized by the Shanghai Municipal Government. Experts from various fields have proposed many factors that cause land subsidence: sea level rise, new tectonic movement, static load, dynamic load, natural gas extraction, underground borrowing and so on. Liu Guangzhi put forward different opinions on many factors mentioned above based on his accumulated experience in the practice of oil production in Yumen Oil Mine for many years and the relevant foreign materials. He believes that these factors are not the main cause of land subsidence in Shanghai. When he proposed the formation of the ground subsidence phenomenon in Shanghai, the biggest possibility was that the opinions caused by excessive extraction of groundwater resources were immediately opposed by some experts and scholars. They believe that the extraction of groundwater below 300 meters in depth is not enough to cause settlement. This kind of formulation has no sufficient basis and is imagined. His comments were almost ignored.
In order to be cautiously demonstrated, experts in geology, surveying, and soil mechanics have repeatedly studied and gradually unified their opinions. It is felt that the excessive extraction of groundwater proposed by Liu Guangzhi is the most direct cause of the rapid settlement of Shanghai ground, and an argument report has been submitted to the Shanghai Municipal Government. The “Shanghai Land Subsidence Research Report†proposed “groundwater exploitation, sea level rise, neotectonic movement, static load, dynamic load, natural gas extraction, underground borrowing, deep well sand production, artificial fill and dredging of Huangpu River. "It may be the top ten factors affecting land subsidence, and it is suggested that a large amount of groundwater exploitation is the main reason for the main ground subsidence in Shanghai, which laid the foundation for future work.
In order to strengthen the research and prevention of land subsidence in Shanghai, the Ministry of Geology issued the task of “researching the expansion of the falling funnel in the groundwater area of ​​Shanghai and the problem of urban land subsidence in the urban area, and carrying out hydrogeological engineering geology and long-term observation work†in 1962. This opened the prelude to the monitoring and research of the Shanghai ground subsidence system. Through the regular monitoring of urban hydrology, engineering geological conditions system exploration and urban level points, groundwater dynamic observation holes and stratification targets, the "three concentration" relationship between land subsidence and groundwater exploitation at time, region and level was ascertained. It is pointed out that groundwater exploitation is the main cause of land subsidence. At the same time, Liu Guangzhi and Li Shizhong also accepted the commissioning of drilling technology to assist Shanghai in the operation of many observation wells. Through uninterrupted multi-point scientific observations, it is further confirmed that his views are realistic. Subsequently, he proposed a remediation plan for reclaiming fresh water from the aquifer to control the over-exploitation. The problem of land subsidence in Greater Shanghai began to ease.
Exploring scientific drilling
Since 1973, Liu Guangzhi has captured the Continental Scientific Drilling, a new discipline at the forefront of world science. By chance, he saw an article entitled "Deep Sea Drilling Decade" in a magazine called American Scientist, about the ins and outs of deep-sea drilling. In the future, he drilled through the earth's crust and reached the upper mantle to study the ocean floor. The deposition and evolution, and further confirmed the expansion of the earth, the movement of the plate said ... this magnificent scientific basis for the strategy caused Liu Guangzhi's strong interest.
Due to the rapid development of modern science and technology, the development of earth science in the outer space and deep earth (inner space), especially in the deep of the earth, has become a strategic project in many developed countries. In 1974, the United States drilled Rogers No. 1 hole in Oklahoma, with a depth of 9583 meters. This world record was maintained until 1980, and it was the CГ-3 well of the former Soviet Union on the Kola Peninsula (hole depth of 12,262 meters). )break in. In addition, Japan, Australia, France, the United Kingdom, and Sweden have participated in the US-led deep drilling program and the Ocean Drilling Program. Among them, the ultra-deep holes of the CГ-3 well of the former Soviet Union were incredibly found in the "deep circulation fluids that should not appear", and they circulated evenly and smoothly at a depth of 11,500 meters. The new discovery of this borehole in earthquakes, geoelectricity, geomagnetism, etc. has overturned many traditional theories and immediately shocked scientists around the world upon publication.
In order to track the dynamics of this frontier discipline, Liu Guangzhi organized professors, experts and translators in the industry for drilling and prospecting machinery, and published and published eight volumes of Scientific Drilling Collections, totaling about 2.5 million words. In particular, his "Proposal on Rapid Scientific Drilling in China", "The Importance and Feasibility of Scientific Drilling in China", accompanied by domestic propaganda and international exchanges, has aroused widespread concern in the geosciences.
The Continental Coordination Group of the CC-4 Group of the International Lithosphere Program officially confirmed the representative seat of China in 1987. Liu Guangzhi was recommended to be responsible for conducting research on the Chinese scientific drilling program. Soon after, in 1989 China officially formed the "Continental Scientific Drilling Scientific Research Planning Group." After more than four years of research and demonstration, Liu Guangzhi, an important member of the group, has initially formed an alternative implementation plan – the general principle of the Chinese mainland scientific drilling program. This program has set a near-term goal from shallow to deep: medium and shallow holes of about 5,000 meters and long-term targets: ultra-deep wells of more than 10,000 meters. In addition to making recommendations to relevant leaders, he also actively organized experts to conduct scientific demonstrations on the importance and feasibility of China's mainland scientific drilling. After many calls for efforts, the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources has established a project for the “Scientific Drilling of Chinese Mainland Science and Technology†and applied for major national scientific development projects.
Scientific drilling is directly related to environmental engineering and geological disaster prevention. Liu Guangzhi pointed out that water, industry and the ring are closely linked. In the future, the research on water, industry and ring should be considered as a whole, and it is not enough to consider it from the perspective of environmental geology alone. The deterioration of the environment is closely related to geological disasters. Environmental degradation is caused by earthquake disasters.
The Chinese mainland scientific drilling drilled 5,158 meters underground and was successfully completed in June 2005. This is the deepest scientific drilling in more than 20 projects of the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program that was being implemented at the time. The implementation of the Chinese mainland scientific drilling project has greatly promoted the development of drilling technology in China. In the face of this brilliant achievement of the latest information in the deep of the earth, Liu Guangzhi is very pleased with this. He has been advocating for many years since the end of the 1970s, and after nearly four years of hard work, he finally achieved results. On the basis of this major scientific research project, a series of important scientific research achievements have been obtained at the same time, which indicates that China's “entry into the land†plan has achieved a major breakthrough. (The author is a museum librarian at the School of Information Engineering, Minzu University of China)
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