Organic fertilizer can activate soil, improve soil permeability, create a good growth environment for vegetable crops, and apply a large amount of organic fertilizer, which is one of the main ways to improve vegetable yield and improve vegetable quality. However, during the application process, the phenomenon of burning seedlings often occurs due to improper fertilization. For example, in the autumn of 2005, Liu Xihe, a vegetable farmer in Houmiao Village, Zoucheng District, Shandong Province, caused improper application of chicken manure, causing a large number of dead tomatoes. , bringing unnecessary losses to production. To this end, the technique of applying organic fertilizer on vegetables in protected areas is described below.
Human excrement
The composition of human excrement is complex, including various organic and inorganic compounds. Human feces are the indigestible part of food. The main components are cellulose, hemicellulose, fat, fatty acids, proteins, peptides, amino acids, various enzymes, bile. And various inorganic compounds, containing both germs and parasite eggs. Human urine is the waste and water that is mixed into the blood circulation through the metabolism of the whole body. The main components are urea, salt, and no microorganisms.
Although human excrement is a natural green fertilizer, improper application not only causes the spread of various pathogenic bacteria, causing environmental pollution, but also easily causes pests and diseases to vegetables. For example, from April 2003 to April 2006, we are in this The city's tomato production base, Houyang Village, Pingyangsi Town, investigated the effects of fertilization on tomatoes, and found that the application of untreated human excrement land, root knot nematode disease is very serious. Therefore, human excrement must be treated before decomposing. Treatment method: human excrement, soil, and superphosphate are mixed in a ratio of 1:1:0.3 and then stacked. Before the accumulation, Avitte Granules are added to each square meter. 250 grams, or 2.5 kilograms of lime nitrogen. The stacking height is generally 1 to 1.2 meters, and the upper cover is covered with a plastic film. It can be used in summer for 3 to 5 days, and it usually takes 20 to 30 days in winter. The main component of human excrement is nitrogen, which is especially suitable for application on green leafy vegetables such as celery, lettuce, sage, fennel and rape. Human excrement contains chloride ions. It is not suitable for the use of vegetables such as potatoes, such as potatoes, otherwise the tuber starch content is not reduced and it is not resistant to storage.
Human excrement can be used as base fertilizer and top dressing. When used as base fertilizer, the dosage per 667 square meters is generally 5000-6500 kilograms. When topdressing is used, fresh human excrement is mainly used, but the corresponding insecticide and sterilization must be added before application. Agents, such as phoxim EC, Avitite Granules, carbendazim WP, Golden Land WP, ​​etc. The dilution factor is 3 to 4 times. With the water.
Chicken dung
Chicken manure is the most widely used organic fertilizer for protected vegetables. According to incomplete statistics, the application rate of chicken manure per 667 square meters is between 7500 and 10000 kg. The composition of chicken manure is very complicated. The composition of chicken manure is different because of different feed, but the main components are cellulose, protein, amino acids, fats, enzymes, inorganic salts and hormones. Since chicken manure and urine are discharged from the same organ, chicken manure and chicken urine are collectively referred to as chicken manure. Because chicken manure contains a large number of eggs, vegetable farmers are accustomed to adopt high-temperature decomposing methods to kill eggs, but after the chicken manure is decomposed by high temperature, the fertilizer efficiency is reduced, and the method is not recommended for production.
Chicken manure can be used as base fertilizer and top dressing. When used as base fertilizer, if it is used improperly, it often causes fertilizer damage. The following points must be paid attention to when applying: 1 insecticide, sterilization, chicken eggs contain eggs, and many Saprophytic bacteria, 50-70 grams of avitite granules and 200-250 grams of carbendazim were added per cubic meter before application, and then applied; 2 fertilization in advance. Protected vegetable fields should be applied in advance, before planting vegetables, strive to complete the chicken manure in the soil, avoid applying fresh chicken manure, immediately cover the plastic shed film, high temperature caused a large amount of ammonia volatilization, causing ammonia damage to vegetables in the shed 3, the right amount of fertilization, the application of chicken manure as the base fertilizer is generally 7000 kg per 667 square meters is appropriate, too much application, often caused by the increase in soil pH, soil alkalization.
When chicken manure is used for top dressing, it is usually carried out on a sunny morning. When diluted, add pesticides such as: 2% Avi EC, fungicide such as 50% carbendazim WP, dilution factor is 4 to 5 times, with water, Generally, the application rate per 667 square meters is 500-750 kilograms, and the application should not be too much, causing ammonia damage. The principle of topdressing is "eat less meals."
3. cattle and sheep manure
Cattle and sheep are herbivores. The main components in the feces are: cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, protein, organic matter, urea, uric acid, hippuric acid and inorganic salts such as potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium. Among them, cow manure has high water content, poor air permeability, and slow decomposition and decomposing, so it is called cold fertilizer, while sheep manure is fine and dry, and the heat is faster than cow dung. Therefore, it is called hot fertilizer. Because of the high content of cellulose and hemicellulose in cattle and sheep manure, it must be mixed and tanning to accelerate its decomposition and become a better organic fertilizer. According to the degree of compaction, the tanning method can be divided into three types: compact tanning method, loose tanning system, and tight loosening tanning system. 1 compact type. After removing the beef and feces from the cattle and sheep pens, it is stacked on the cement floor of 2 to 3 meters long and immediately compacted. It is suitable to accumulate to 1.5 meters. Before the accumulation, 1.5 kilograms of urea per cubic meter or ammonium bicarbonate is added. 3 to 3.5 kg, adjust the carbon-nitrogen ratio, shorten the tanning time, and after the accumulation is completed, seal it with thin mud to prevent rainwater leaching. 2 The method of loosely stacking is basically similar to the above, but it does not compact during the stacking process, and maintains a good gas-permeable state. The temperature in the cattle and sheep manure pile can reach 70 ° C, which can almost completely kill the eggs in the feces. Grass and germs, while accelerating the maturity of cattle and sheep manure. 3 Closely loosely alternately stacking method Firstly, the cattle and sheep feces are loosely piled up for decomposition, and when the temperature in the pile reaches about 70 °C, the solidification is carried out.
In the vegetable production, the beef and feces are mainly based on base fertilizer, and the relatively heavy-weight plot is most suitable for the application of decomposed cattle and sheep manure. We recently discovered in the city’s winter greenhouse vegetable base in Beisu Town, the application of cattle and sheep manure The soil permeability of the shed is obviously better than that of the human faeces and chicken manure, and the root-knot nematode is light. Almost no root knot nematode was found. What is the reason? So far, no relevant reports have been seen, but it is worthy of recognition that the occurrence of vegetable root-knot nematodes has a certain correlation with the damage and fertilization types, such as the perennial protection of tomato in the village of Pingyangsi Town, Houhan Village. Without the use of organic fertilizer, the root knot nematode is avoided. The total fertilizer efficiency of cattle and sheep manure is low, so the amount of fertilization should be increased purposefully, generally 8,000 to 10,000 kg per 667 square meters.
Human excrement
The composition of human excrement is complex, including various organic and inorganic compounds. Human feces are the indigestible part of food. The main components are cellulose, hemicellulose, fat, fatty acids, proteins, peptides, amino acids, various enzymes, bile. And various inorganic compounds, containing both germs and parasite eggs. Human urine is the waste and water that is mixed into the blood circulation through the metabolism of the whole body. The main components are urea, salt, and no microorganisms.
Although human excrement is a natural green fertilizer, improper application not only causes the spread of various pathogenic bacteria, causing environmental pollution, but also easily causes pests and diseases to vegetables. For example, from April 2003 to April 2006, we are in this The city's tomato production base, Houyang Village, Pingyangsi Town, investigated the effects of fertilization on tomatoes, and found that the application of untreated human excrement land, root knot nematode disease is very serious. Therefore, human excrement must be treated before decomposing. Treatment method: human excrement, soil, and superphosphate are mixed in a ratio of 1:1:0.3 and then stacked. Before the accumulation, Avitte Granules are added to each square meter. 250 grams, or 2.5 kilograms of lime nitrogen. The stacking height is generally 1 to 1.2 meters, and the upper cover is covered with a plastic film. It can be used in summer for 3 to 5 days, and it usually takes 20 to 30 days in winter. The main component of human excrement is nitrogen, which is especially suitable for application on green leafy vegetables such as celery, lettuce, sage, fennel and rape. Human excrement contains chloride ions. It is not suitable for the use of vegetables such as potatoes, such as potatoes, otherwise the tuber starch content is not reduced and it is not resistant to storage.
Human excrement can be used as base fertilizer and top dressing. When used as base fertilizer, the dosage per 667 square meters is generally 5000-6500 kilograms. When topdressing is used, fresh human excrement is mainly used, but the corresponding insecticide and sterilization must be added before application. Agents, such as phoxim EC, Avitite Granules, carbendazim WP, Golden Land WP, ​​etc. The dilution factor is 3 to 4 times. With the water.
Chicken dung
Chicken manure is the most widely used organic fertilizer for protected vegetables. According to incomplete statistics, the application rate of chicken manure per 667 square meters is between 7500 and 10000 kg. The composition of chicken manure is very complicated. The composition of chicken manure is different because of different feed, but the main components are cellulose, protein, amino acids, fats, enzymes, inorganic salts and hormones. Since chicken manure and urine are discharged from the same organ, chicken manure and chicken urine are collectively referred to as chicken manure. Because chicken manure contains a large number of eggs, vegetable farmers are accustomed to adopt high-temperature decomposing methods to kill eggs, but after the chicken manure is decomposed by high temperature, the fertilizer efficiency is reduced, and the method is not recommended for production.
Chicken manure can be used as base fertilizer and top dressing. When used as base fertilizer, if it is used improperly, it often causes fertilizer damage. The following points must be paid attention to when applying: 1 insecticide, sterilization, chicken eggs contain eggs, and many Saprophytic bacteria, 50-70 grams of avitite granules and 200-250 grams of carbendazim were added per cubic meter before application, and then applied; 2 fertilization in advance. Protected vegetable fields should be applied in advance, before planting vegetables, strive to complete the chicken manure in the soil, avoid applying fresh chicken manure, immediately cover the plastic shed film, high temperature caused a large amount of ammonia volatilization, causing ammonia damage to vegetables in the shed 3, the right amount of fertilization, the application of chicken manure as the base fertilizer is generally 7000 kg per 667 square meters is appropriate, too much application, often caused by the increase in soil pH, soil alkalization.
When chicken manure is used for top dressing, it is usually carried out on a sunny morning. When diluted, add pesticides such as: 2% Avi EC, fungicide such as 50% carbendazim WP, dilution factor is 4 to 5 times, with water, Generally, the application rate per 667 square meters is 500-750 kilograms, and the application should not be too much, causing ammonia damage. The principle of topdressing is "eat less meals."
3. cattle and sheep manure
Cattle and sheep are herbivores. The main components in the feces are: cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, protein, organic matter, urea, uric acid, hippuric acid and inorganic salts such as potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium. Among them, cow manure has high water content, poor air permeability, and slow decomposition and decomposing, so it is called cold fertilizer, while sheep manure is fine and dry, and the heat is faster than cow dung. Therefore, it is called hot fertilizer. Because of the high content of cellulose and hemicellulose in cattle and sheep manure, it must be mixed and tanning to accelerate its decomposition and become a better organic fertilizer. According to the degree of compaction, the tanning method can be divided into three types: compact tanning method, loose tanning system, and tight loosening tanning system. 1 compact type. After removing the beef and feces from the cattle and sheep pens, it is stacked on the cement floor of 2 to 3 meters long and immediately compacted. It is suitable to accumulate to 1.5 meters. Before the accumulation, 1.5 kilograms of urea per cubic meter or ammonium bicarbonate is added. 3 to 3.5 kg, adjust the carbon-nitrogen ratio, shorten the tanning time, and after the accumulation is completed, seal it with thin mud to prevent rainwater leaching. 2 The method of loosely stacking is basically similar to the above, but it does not compact during the stacking process, and maintains a good gas-permeable state. The temperature in the cattle and sheep manure pile can reach 70 ° C, which can almost completely kill the eggs in the feces. Grass and germs, while accelerating the maturity of cattle and sheep manure. 3 Closely loosely alternately stacking method Firstly, the cattle and sheep feces are loosely piled up for decomposition, and when the temperature in the pile reaches about 70 °C, the solidification is carried out.
In the vegetable production, the beef and feces are mainly based on base fertilizer, and the relatively heavy-weight plot is most suitable for the application of decomposed cattle and sheep manure. We recently discovered in the city’s winter greenhouse vegetable base in Beisu Town, the application of cattle and sheep manure The soil permeability of the shed is obviously better than that of the human faeces and chicken manure, and the root-knot nematode is light. Almost no root knot nematode was found. What is the reason? So far, no relevant reports have been seen, but it is worthy of recognition that the occurrence of vegetable root-knot nematodes has a certain correlation with the damage and fertilization types, such as the perennial protection of tomato in the village of Pingyangsi Town, Houhan Village. Without the use of organic fertilizer, the root knot nematode is avoided. The total fertilizer efficiency of cattle and sheep manure is low, so the amount of fertilization should be increased purposefully, generally 8,000 to 10,000 kg per 667 square meters.
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