Quaternary ammonium salt, English name quaternary-N . A compound formed by substituting four hydrogen atoms in an ammonium ion with a hydrocarbon group, the formula R4NX , wherein the four hydrocarbon groups R may be the same or different. X is mostly a halogen anion (F , Cl , Br , I) or an acid group (such as HSO4 , RCOO, etc.).
Physical properties
The quaternary ammonium salt is similar in nature to the inorganic salt, is readily soluble in water, and the aqueous solution is electrically conductive. It is mainly prepared by reacting ammonia or an amine with an alkyl halide, for example:
Many of the quaternary ammonium salts present in nature have certain biological activities, and some of the quaternary ammonium salts can be used as a phase transfer catalyst in medicines, pesticides, and chemical reactions. For example , chlormequat [ (CH3)3NCH2CH2Cl ] Cl is a plant growth regulator, and benzyltriethylammonium chloride and tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate are excellent phase transfer catalysts. In the phase transfer catalysis reaction, the quaternary ammonium salt can form an ion pair with the nucleophilic reagent in the aqueous phase to enter the organic phase, thereby accelerating the reaction rate, reducing side reactions and increasing the yield.
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