Mineral resources are an important material basis for the development of human society. Since the countries of the world have entered the stage of industrialization, the consumption of mineral resources has grown rapidly. In the 100 years of the 20th century, the world has consumed 142 billion tons of oil, 78 trillion cubic meters of natural gas, 265 billion tons of coal, 38 billion tons of iron (steel), 760 million tons of aluminum and 480 million tons of copper, and a large number of supporting modern economy. A number of mineral raw materials for social development. In the continuous improvement of the industrialization of major developed countries in Europe and the United States and the accelerated acceleration of the demand for mineral resources consumption, the newly industrialized countries and regions such as Japan, South Korea and Taiwan in the 1960s and 1970s rose rapidly. In the late 1980s and the late 1990s, China and India, the two most populous countries in the world, has also entered a rapid industrialization process. Developing countries such as Southeast Asia and South America have entered or are about to enter the industrialization process. The consumption demand of global mineral resources will once again rise. As the new round of industrialization involves a large number of countries, a large population, and relatively weak basic conditions, the demand for mineral resources will be even greater in the coming decades. The global mineral resources situation will be one of the focuses of the world.
I. World Mineral Resources and Prospects The world's most proven reserves of mineral resources continue to grow, with a high degree of assurance, but oil resources are not optimistic.
(I) Current Status of Important Mineral Resources Reserves in the World 1. Fossil Energy Fossil energy is the mainstay of global energy consumption. The three important fossil energy sources of oil, natural gas and coal are the most abundant in coal reserves, followed by natural gas and petroleum resources. Table 1 lists the global oil, natural gas, coal resource reserves, total fossil energy reserves, per capita reserves and static guarantee levels as of the end of 2002.
2. Important metal minerals (II) Uneven distribution of important global mineral resources The spatial distribution of global mineral resources reserves is extremely uneven, which is manifested in two aspects: the huge differences between regions and countries; on the other hand, the mineral resources owned by different countries. The type differences are also very obvious. Australia, Canada, South Africa, Russia, and the United States are countries with more global mineral resources, abundant reserves, and more per capita reserves.
(3) The basic understanding and judgment of the global mineral resources situation is:
1. The spatial distribution of global mineral resources is uneven. The global allocation of mineral resources is an inevitable need of economic development in all countries of the world.
2. The global mineral resources reserves are generally showing growth. The current state of global mineral resources can basically guarantee the demand for mineral resources in the socio-economic development of the first half of the 21st century.
3. The technological progress in all aspects of mineral resources exploration, mining and smelting will lead to the growth of mineral resources reserves, and the development of new types of mineral resources will be an important factor in the growth of reserves.
II. Mineral Resources and Prospects of China (I) Status of Mineral Resources By the end of 2002, 171 kinds of minerals had been discovered in China, and 158 kinds of minerals with resources/reserves were identified, including 10 kinds of energy minerals, 54 kinds of metal minerals, and non-metallic minerals. There are 91 species, 3 kinds of water and gas minerals, and it is one of the countries with complete varieties of mineral resources in the world.
1. The total amount of mineral resources is relatively abundant, and the per capita possession is small. The total amount of mineral resources identified by China is relatively large, accounting for about 12% of the world, ranking second in the world. 15 kinds of mineral reserves such as coal, titanium, tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, rare earth, magnesite, fluorite, barite, bentonite, mirabilite, antimony, graphite, diatomaceous earth and wollastonite rank first and second in the world. It has certain advantages in quantity or quality and has strong international competitiveness. However, the per capita possession of mineral resources is only 58% of the world average, ranking 53rd in the world. Among the 36 major minerals, there are only 10 species with per capita reserves above the world average. They are small metals such as tungsten, molybdenum, niobium and rare earth, and non-metallic minerals such as graphite, barite and magnesite. The per capita reserves of the other 26 minerals are less than one-fifth of the world's per capita, especially oil, natural gas, chromium, cobalt, diamonds, and potassium salts are less than one-tenth of the world's per capita.
2. High-quality, large-scale mineral resources are relatively insufficient, oil and natural gas reserves are insufficient, and reserves of large mineral resources such as iron, manganese, chromium, copper, aluminum, and potassium salts are insufficient.
3. China's mineral resources are rich in poor ore, difficult to mine, small and medium-sized and pit mining, and large super-large mines and less mining.
4. The economically available resource reserves are small, and the economically recoverable reserves of many mineral resources are only equivalent to 20-30% of their identified resources.
5. The resource production area does not match the processing consumption area. 90% of China's coal reserves are concentrated in North China, Northwest China and Southwest China; 70% of phosphate mines are identified in Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan and Hubei provinces; iron ore is mainly concentrated in Liao, Yunnan, Sichuan and Shanxi. And other provinces.
6. Good ore-forming geological conditions and great prospecting potential The Chinese mainland is located at the junction of the three major ore-forming regions of the Pacific Rim, Paleo Asia and Tethys. The tectonic magmatism is frequent, the evolution history is complex, and the metallogenic conditions are good. In the past 50 years, a large number of materials, geochemical anomalies and mineralization points have been discovered in China's geological work. Most of them have not been inspected, verified and evaluated, and have great potential for prospecting. The mineral exploration survey in western China is very low, but the metallogenic conditions are very good and there is a lot of room for prospecting. The potential of important ore-forming belts in the central and eastern regions to find blind deposits and new types of deposits is also great. The depth of the old mines and the peripheral resources is great.
(II) Demand for mineral resources in China 1. China has entered a stage of rapid industrialization and the demand for mineral resources has increased rapidly. Since the beginning of the 1990s, with the rapid development of the national economy, the output and consumption of mineral products have increased rapidly.
2. Demand and Guarantee of Mineral Resources According to the economic development goals proposed by the state, GDP will quadruple in 2020 compared with 2000, and it is generally necessary to double or slightly use mineral resources to ensure. With the existing (end of 2002) reserves available for static (except oil and natural gas) calculations to ensure the 2020 target, 9 of the 45 major minerals can be guaranteed (natural gas, rare earth, magnesite, sodium salt, thenardite,澎 Run soil, graphite, talc, wollastonite, 10 basic guarantees (coal, titanium, tungsten, molybdenum, phosphorus, glass siliceous materials, stone, gypsum, diatomaceous earth, asbestos), 21 kinds can not be guaranteed (iron , manganese, copper, lead, zinc, bauxite, tin, gold, silver, antimony, fluorite, boron, barite, petroleum, uranium, nickel, refractory, sulfur, cement limestone, kaolin), shortage of minerals 5 kinds (chromite, cobalt, platinum, potassium salt, diamond).
In order to ensure the sustainable and rapid development of the country's economy and society, it has faced serious problems in the sustainable supply of mineral resources. This is a major concern of the whole society.
3. Some understanding of the domestic resource situation:
(1) The reason for the serious situation of domestic mineral resources On the one hand, some mineral resources are less distributed in China due to unfavorable geological conditions; on the other hand, the investment in solid mineral exploration in China has continued to decrease in the past 10 years, the scale has dropped sharply, and the weakening of leadership is an important reason.
(2) As long as most minerals in China strengthen mineral exploration work, by 2020, their reserves can meet the needs of future economic and social development.
(3) Some large-scale pillar mineral resources, such as petroleum, iron-rich, copper, high-quality aluminum, high-quality manganese, chromium and potassium salts, must make full use of foreign resources.
(4) China's dominant minerals, such as rare earths, tungsten, tin, molybdenum, antimony, coal and certain non-metallic minerals, should take favorable measures to continue to maintain reserves advantages and continue to contribute to the provision of foreign demand.
III. Prospects and Countermeasures (I) Outlook From the analysis of the mineral resources situation at home and abroad and the trend of social and economic development in the world, there are three points worthy of our attention:
1. Although the global mineral resources are more optimistic in the first half of the 21st century to ensure the global economic development, the premise is that it must continue to maintain a certain intensity of exploration and expand the available reserves. However, we must seriously consider the practical deployment and implementation of renewable energy, renewable energy sources (such as natural gas hydrates, nuclear energy, etc.) new mineral resources (such as new mineral rock minerals, mineral resources in the ocean, interstellar mineral resources, etc.) and alternative mineral resources. The search and development requires a certain intensity to fully prepare for the sustainable supply of mineral resources.
2. Equity, rational and scientific allocation of global mineral resources. Many developing countries will enter the stage of industrialization development in the next 50 years, and the consumption of mineral resources will enter a new high period. Developed countries and developing countries should seek peace, cooperation, mutual benefit, and mutual benefit, and jointly develop and utilize global resources to seek double profit. The United Nations should play a role in promoting the establishment of a new global order of rationality, mutual benefit, cooperative development and utilization, and scientific allocation of mineral resources.
3. Innovate science and technology related to continuous development and apply it to the exploration, development and utilization of mineral resources, promote rational, economical, recycling of mineral resources and protect the mine environment. This is the common responsibility of the whole society and all mankind.
(II) Countermeasures 1. Continue to strengthen mineral exploration work as soon as possible, increase investment, expand scale, carry out a new round of mineral exploration and exploration work in the country, promote the establishment of a new mineral resources base in the western region, and carry out deep and peripheral exploration work of old mines. Actively explore new mineral resources.
2. Actively promote the global allocation of mineral resources, scientifically and reasonably supply domestically superior minerals to foreign countries, and make full use of the shortage of foreign mineral resources in China.
3. Implement the reserve of strategic mineral resources.
4. Strengthen resource protection, mine environmental protection, and save and rationally use mineral resources.
5. Strengthen the research and development of geological science theory and exploration technology in the field of mineral exploration.
6. Strengthen the leadership of geological and mineral exploration work, accelerate the formation of the national geological team (field army) and the cultivation of geological talents.
4. Implementing the strategy of developing the western region and building the western region into a major replacement area for national energy and mineral resources. (1) The 12 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in the west have a land area of ​​685 km2, accounting for 71.4% of the national land area. 138 kinds of minerals with superior provenance and proven reserves, and proven reserves of 27 kinds of minerals such as natural gas, coal, copper, phosphorus, potash, zinc, lead, nickel and rare earth in the central and western regions of 45 major minerals account for the whole country. More than 50%, of which coal reserves accounted for 61.5% of the country, natural gas reserves accounted for 71.9% of the country. A number of energy and chemical bases, large steel bases, large non-ferrous metal bases and large-scale phosphorus chemical bases have been established. It has played an important role in safeguarding the demand for mineral resources in China’s national economic and social development.
(2) The western region has a low level of geological work and a large potential for mineral resources. It is the main mineral resource base for the country's future supply of mineral products. The "Several Opinions of the State Council on Further Promoting the Development of the Western Region" clearly stated that it will strengthen the exploration of mineral resources in the western region, increase the investment in public welfare surveys and evaluations, and gradually build the western region into a major replacement area for energy and mineral resources in the country.
(3) Accelerate the development of mineral exploration in the western region.
According to the country's urgent demand for mineral resources, the urgent needs of the provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in the western region and the need for mineral exploration and development to develop have a 10-15 year cycle. Therefore, it is urgent to strengthen the mineral exploration in the western region as soon as possible. The system deploys different levels of geological and mineral resources investigation and exploration work, focusing on strengthening the investigation and evaluation of mineral resources potential and carrying out large-scale mineral census work on this basis, striving to achieve coal, iron, manganese, copper, aluminum, zinc, nickel, chromium, New breakthroughs in prospecting and exploration of important strategic mineral resources such as gold and potash, forming a number of mineral exploration and mineral raw material reserve construction bases, providing information and various levels of exploration base services for commercial mineral exploration and development at home and abroad to invest in the western region. Reduce investment risks and gradually realize the westward shift of China's mining center of gravity strategy.
(IV) Suggestions for the investigation and exploration of minerals in the western region 1. The mineral deposit investigation and evaluation work funded by the state and the province (autonomous regions and municipalities) proposes the following:
(1) Vigorously strengthen different scales, especially large-scale (1:50,000) regional geological and mineral surveys and regional, geochemical and remote sensing geological surveys;
(2) Mineral resources potential assessment and metallogenic prediction in metallogenic zones;
(3) Inspection and evaluation of abnormal mine sites and strategic minerals pre-examination and census, urgently need strategic minerals for aquaculture and exploration (such as uranium mines);
(4) Resource crisis mine replacement resource exploration.
To carry out the above work, we must make full use of the previous geological, geophysical, geochemical, remote sensing data and work results; second, we must vigorously promote the use of new surveys, evaluation methods and techniques, and constantly improve the level of investigation and evaluation; In the mining area, we will strive to achieve a breakthrough in prospecting.
2. Mineral target: Focus on coal, copper, iron, manganese, aluminum, lead, zinc, nickel, chromium, tungsten, gold and potassium.
3. The key work areas are: Altai, Tianshan, Kunlun-Alkin, Beishan-Alashan, Daxinganling, Qinling, Southwest Sanjiang, Sichuan-Yunnan, Yarlung Zangbo and other important metallogenic belts.
4. Implement “green†mining. The ecological environment in the western region is relatively fragile. Mineral exploration and development must be included in the mine construction design plan for mineral exploration according to the requirements of the state for mine environmental protection, and it is guaranteed.
I. World Mineral Resources and Prospects The world's most proven reserves of mineral resources continue to grow, with a high degree of assurance, but oil resources are not optimistic.
(I) Current Status of Important Mineral Resources Reserves in the World 1. Fossil Energy Fossil energy is the mainstay of global energy consumption. The three important fossil energy sources of oil, natural gas and coal are the most abundant in coal reserves, followed by natural gas and petroleum resources. Table 1 lists the global oil, natural gas, coal resource reserves, total fossil energy reserves, per capita reserves and static guarantee levels as of the end of 2002.
2. Important metal minerals (II) Uneven distribution of important global mineral resources The spatial distribution of global mineral resources reserves is extremely uneven, which is manifested in two aspects: the huge differences between regions and countries; on the other hand, the mineral resources owned by different countries. The type differences are also very obvious. Australia, Canada, South Africa, Russia, and the United States are countries with more global mineral resources, abundant reserves, and more per capita reserves.
(3) The basic understanding and judgment of the global mineral resources situation is:
1. The spatial distribution of global mineral resources is uneven. The global allocation of mineral resources is an inevitable need of economic development in all countries of the world.
2. The global mineral resources reserves are generally showing growth. The current state of global mineral resources can basically guarantee the demand for mineral resources in the socio-economic development of the first half of the 21st century.
3. The technological progress in all aspects of mineral resources exploration, mining and smelting will lead to the growth of mineral resources reserves, and the development of new types of mineral resources will be an important factor in the growth of reserves.
II. Mineral Resources and Prospects of China (I) Status of Mineral Resources By the end of 2002, 171 kinds of minerals had been discovered in China, and 158 kinds of minerals with resources/reserves were identified, including 10 kinds of energy minerals, 54 kinds of metal minerals, and non-metallic minerals. There are 91 species, 3 kinds of water and gas minerals, and it is one of the countries with complete varieties of mineral resources in the world.
1. The total amount of mineral resources is relatively abundant, and the per capita possession is small. The total amount of mineral resources identified by China is relatively large, accounting for about 12% of the world, ranking second in the world. 15 kinds of mineral reserves such as coal, titanium, tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, rare earth, magnesite, fluorite, barite, bentonite, mirabilite, antimony, graphite, diatomaceous earth and wollastonite rank first and second in the world. It has certain advantages in quantity or quality and has strong international competitiveness. However, the per capita possession of mineral resources is only 58% of the world average, ranking 53rd in the world. Among the 36 major minerals, there are only 10 species with per capita reserves above the world average. They are small metals such as tungsten, molybdenum, niobium and rare earth, and non-metallic minerals such as graphite, barite and magnesite. The per capita reserves of the other 26 minerals are less than one-fifth of the world's per capita, especially oil, natural gas, chromium, cobalt, diamonds, and potassium salts are less than one-tenth of the world's per capita.
2. High-quality, large-scale mineral resources are relatively insufficient, oil and natural gas reserves are insufficient, and reserves of large mineral resources such as iron, manganese, chromium, copper, aluminum, and potassium salts are insufficient.
3. China's mineral resources are rich in poor ore, difficult to mine, small and medium-sized and pit mining, and large super-large mines and less mining.
4. The economically available resource reserves are small, and the economically recoverable reserves of many mineral resources are only equivalent to 20-30% of their identified resources.
5. The resource production area does not match the processing consumption area. 90% of China's coal reserves are concentrated in North China, Northwest China and Southwest China; 70% of phosphate mines are identified in Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan and Hubei provinces; iron ore is mainly concentrated in Liao, Yunnan, Sichuan and Shanxi. And other provinces.
6. Good ore-forming geological conditions and great prospecting potential The Chinese mainland is located at the junction of the three major ore-forming regions of the Pacific Rim, Paleo Asia and Tethys. The tectonic magmatism is frequent, the evolution history is complex, and the metallogenic conditions are good. In the past 50 years, a large number of materials, geochemical anomalies and mineralization points have been discovered in China's geological work. Most of them have not been inspected, verified and evaluated, and have great potential for prospecting. The mineral exploration survey in western China is very low, but the metallogenic conditions are very good and there is a lot of room for prospecting. The potential of important ore-forming belts in the central and eastern regions to find blind deposits and new types of deposits is also great. The depth of the old mines and the peripheral resources is great.
(II) Demand for mineral resources in China 1. China has entered a stage of rapid industrialization and the demand for mineral resources has increased rapidly. Since the beginning of the 1990s, with the rapid development of the national economy, the output and consumption of mineral products have increased rapidly.
2. Demand and Guarantee of Mineral Resources According to the economic development goals proposed by the state, GDP will quadruple in 2020 compared with 2000, and it is generally necessary to double or slightly use mineral resources to ensure. With the existing (end of 2002) reserves available for static (except oil and natural gas) calculations to ensure the 2020 target, 9 of the 45 major minerals can be guaranteed (natural gas, rare earth, magnesite, sodium salt, thenardite,澎 Run soil, graphite, talc, wollastonite, 10 basic guarantees (coal, titanium, tungsten, molybdenum, phosphorus, glass siliceous materials, stone, gypsum, diatomaceous earth, asbestos), 21 kinds can not be guaranteed (iron , manganese, copper, lead, zinc, bauxite, tin, gold, silver, antimony, fluorite, boron, barite, petroleum, uranium, nickel, refractory, sulfur, cement limestone, kaolin), shortage of minerals 5 kinds (chromite, cobalt, platinum, potassium salt, diamond).
In order to ensure the sustainable and rapid development of the country's economy and society, it has faced serious problems in the sustainable supply of mineral resources. This is a major concern of the whole society.
3. Some understanding of the domestic resource situation:
(1) The reason for the serious situation of domestic mineral resources On the one hand, some mineral resources are less distributed in China due to unfavorable geological conditions; on the other hand, the investment in solid mineral exploration in China has continued to decrease in the past 10 years, the scale has dropped sharply, and the weakening of leadership is an important reason.
(2) As long as most minerals in China strengthen mineral exploration work, by 2020, their reserves can meet the needs of future economic and social development.
(3) Some large-scale pillar mineral resources, such as petroleum, iron-rich, copper, high-quality aluminum, high-quality manganese, chromium and potassium salts, must make full use of foreign resources.
(4) China's dominant minerals, such as rare earths, tungsten, tin, molybdenum, antimony, coal and certain non-metallic minerals, should take favorable measures to continue to maintain reserves advantages and continue to contribute to the provision of foreign demand.
III. Prospects and Countermeasures (I) Outlook From the analysis of the mineral resources situation at home and abroad and the trend of social and economic development in the world, there are three points worthy of our attention:
1. Although the global mineral resources are more optimistic in the first half of the 21st century to ensure the global economic development, the premise is that it must continue to maintain a certain intensity of exploration and expand the available reserves. However, we must seriously consider the practical deployment and implementation of renewable energy, renewable energy sources (such as natural gas hydrates, nuclear energy, etc.) new mineral resources (such as new mineral rock minerals, mineral resources in the ocean, interstellar mineral resources, etc.) and alternative mineral resources. The search and development requires a certain intensity to fully prepare for the sustainable supply of mineral resources.
2. Equity, rational and scientific allocation of global mineral resources. Many developing countries will enter the stage of industrialization development in the next 50 years, and the consumption of mineral resources will enter a new high period. Developed countries and developing countries should seek peace, cooperation, mutual benefit, and mutual benefit, and jointly develop and utilize global resources to seek double profit. The United Nations should play a role in promoting the establishment of a new global order of rationality, mutual benefit, cooperative development and utilization, and scientific allocation of mineral resources.
3. Innovate science and technology related to continuous development and apply it to the exploration, development and utilization of mineral resources, promote rational, economical, recycling of mineral resources and protect the mine environment. This is the common responsibility of the whole society and all mankind.
(II) Countermeasures 1. Continue to strengthen mineral exploration work as soon as possible, increase investment, expand scale, carry out a new round of mineral exploration and exploration work in the country, promote the establishment of a new mineral resources base in the western region, and carry out deep and peripheral exploration work of old mines. Actively explore new mineral resources.
2. Actively promote the global allocation of mineral resources, scientifically and reasonably supply domestically superior minerals to foreign countries, and make full use of the shortage of foreign mineral resources in China.
3. Implement the reserve of strategic mineral resources.
4. Strengthen resource protection, mine environmental protection, and save and rationally use mineral resources.
5. Strengthen the research and development of geological science theory and exploration technology in the field of mineral exploration.
6. Strengthen the leadership of geological and mineral exploration work, accelerate the formation of the national geological team (field army) and the cultivation of geological talents.
4. Implementing the strategy of developing the western region and building the western region into a major replacement area for national energy and mineral resources. (1) The 12 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in the west have a land area of ​​685 km2, accounting for 71.4% of the national land area. 138 kinds of minerals with superior provenance and proven reserves, and proven reserves of 27 kinds of minerals such as natural gas, coal, copper, phosphorus, potash, zinc, lead, nickel and rare earth in the central and western regions of 45 major minerals account for the whole country. More than 50%, of which coal reserves accounted for 61.5% of the country, natural gas reserves accounted for 71.9% of the country. A number of energy and chemical bases, large steel bases, large non-ferrous metal bases and large-scale phosphorus chemical bases have been established. It has played an important role in safeguarding the demand for mineral resources in China’s national economic and social development.
(2) The western region has a low level of geological work and a large potential for mineral resources. It is the main mineral resource base for the country's future supply of mineral products. The "Several Opinions of the State Council on Further Promoting the Development of the Western Region" clearly stated that it will strengthen the exploration of mineral resources in the western region, increase the investment in public welfare surveys and evaluations, and gradually build the western region into a major replacement area for energy and mineral resources in the country.
(3) Accelerate the development of mineral exploration in the western region.
According to the country's urgent demand for mineral resources, the urgent needs of the provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in the western region and the need for mineral exploration and development to develop have a 10-15 year cycle. Therefore, it is urgent to strengthen the mineral exploration in the western region as soon as possible. The system deploys different levels of geological and mineral resources investigation and exploration work, focusing on strengthening the investigation and evaluation of mineral resources potential and carrying out large-scale mineral census work on this basis, striving to achieve coal, iron, manganese, copper, aluminum, zinc, nickel, chromium, New breakthroughs in prospecting and exploration of important strategic mineral resources such as gold and potash, forming a number of mineral exploration and mineral raw material reserve construction bases, providing information and various levels of exploration base services for commercial mineral exploration and development at home and abroad to invest in the western region. Reduce investment risks and gradually realize the westward shift of China's mining center of gravity strategy.
(IV) Suggestions for the investigation and exploration of minerals in the western region 1. The mineral deposit investigation and evaluation work funded by the state and the province (autonomous regions and municipalities) proposes the following:
(1) Vigorously strengthen different scales, especially large-scale (1:50,000) regional geological and mineral surveys and regional, geochemical and remote sensing geological surveys;
(2) Mineral resources potential assessment and metallogenic prediction in metallogenic zones;
(3) Inspection and evaluation of abnormal mine sites and strategic minerals pre-examination and census, urgently need strategic minerals for aquaculture and exploration (such as uranium mines);
(4) Resource crisis mine replacement resource exploration.
To carry out the above work, we must make full use of the previous geological, geophysical, geochemical, remote sensing data and work results; second, we must vigorously promote the use of new surveys, evaluation methods and techniques, and constantly improve the level of investigation and evaluation; In the mining area, we will strive to achieve a breakthrough in prospecting.
2. Mineral target: Focus on coal, copper, iron, manganese, aluminum, lead, zinc, nickel, chromium, tungsten, gold and potassium.
3. The key work areas are: Altai, Tianshan, Kunlun-Alkin, Beishan-Alashan, Daxinganling, Qinling, Southwest Sanjiang, Sichuan-Yunnan, Yarlung Zangbo and other important metallogenic belts.
4. Implement “green†mining. The ecological environment in the western region is relatively fragile. Mineral exploration and development must be included in the mine construction design plan for mineral exploration according to the requirements of the state for mine environmental protection, and it is guaranteed.
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