Introduction: Equipment manufacturing industry is the basis for the sustainable development of the national economy, the engine and power source for industrialization and modernization, and a magic weapon for winning in international competition. China is in the middle stage of heavy chemical industry, which is an excellent opportunity for the equipment manufacturing industry to play a strong role. However, when the horn of the equipment manufacturing industry was revived, the pace of localization was still heavy.
As early as 1986, the State Council organized a seminar on "buy a modernization or a modernization". When He Guangyuan, then Minister of Machinery, spoke of the issue of localization, he clearly stated that modernization cannot be bought. We must rely on our own strength to develop our own brands, revitalize the national industry, and finally achieve modernization.
20 years of playing a finger. One afternoon at the end of June 2006, in a conference room of China Industrial News, many old leaders and old experts who had been paying attention to and engaged in the revitalization of the equipment manufacturing industry once again sat together. They are still discussing the heavy topic - realizing the localization of major technical equipment as soon as possible, giving China's equipment manufacturing industry a chance to develop.
In the words of Lu Yanzhen, deputy director of the former Ministry of Machinery Industry, the environment for the development of the equipment manufacturing industry is now in full swing. With the release of the State Council’s Opinions on Accelerating the Revitalization of the Equipment Manufacturing Industry, which was released on June 16, the equipment manufacturing industry The development prospects are immeasurable.
However, the sweltering weather is a true portrayal of the participants' anxious mood at this time. "We can't go abroad to buy equipment endlessly. You don't want domestic companies to make it. It will never do it, let alone innovate on the basis of digesting and absorbing foreign technology." "To allow innovation The failure, you are always worried that it can't do it, how can it embark on the road of innovation?" "For the user, of course, the quality of the equipment that you want to buy is good, this is understandable. But for a country, it is necessary to consider Whether our country is to buy a modernization or to do a modernization by ourselves, we must cooperate, learn, master the technology, gradually improve, and take the road of independent development in the process of construction."...
After a thorough and in-depth discussion, the participating experts realized that an indisputable fact has once or is pushing the revitalization of the equipment manufacturing industry to an embarrassing situation, that is, domestic users' distrust and indifference to domestic equipment. The lack of market opportunities has become the main reason for restricting the localization of major equipment.
Phenomenon 1: Users despise domestic imported equipment flooding key areas
In recent years, the statistics of customs import and export show that with the steady improvement of China's equipment manufacturing level, the import quantity and amount of major equipment have not decreased, and vice versa. Is it really that China’s equipment products cannot meet the needs of rapid economic development? Actually it is not. Many domestic equipment manufacturing products have been able to replace imports to a large extent. However, due to the prejudice and disapproval of some users, the examples of domestic equipment being defeated by imported equipment in the domestic procurement bidding process are everywhere. Among them, metallurgical equipment represented by hot and cold continuous rolling and electrical equipment represented by high-precision products such as high-voltage switches are particularly unfair.
In 2004, China's steel rolling equipment imports amounted to 1 billion US dollars, accounting for 67% of metallurgical equipment imports, while the domestic equipment manufacturing industry bears more than two-thirds of the weight of metallurgical equipment manufacturing tasks, but the value is less than three points of the total equipment price one.
According to surveys conducted by several metallurgical industry experts, although the entire set of metallurgical equipment is no longer introduced, some single items are still being introduced in large numbers. For example, more than 20 technical equipments such as the bell-less top and dry quenching of the iron-making system, the domestic technical level is not worse than that of foreign countries, but the introduction has never stopped, resulting in the introduction of equipment investment in China's metallurgical industry in recent years. High, sometimes reaching 45% of the industry's total investment.
Among the more than $20 billion in imported products in the electrical field, the largest number is the various transmission and distribution equipment. This type of equipment imports more than 10 billion US dollars, mainly including four types of products: large transformers, large, high, medium and low voltage switches, wire and cable products, control, protection, automation products, including ballasts. The largest of these four categories is the high voltage switch.
According to Zheng Guowei, director of the Import Office of the former Ministry of Machinery Industry, the products that have been growing rapidly in the field of electrical equipment in China in the past two years include: transformers, transformers, wires and cables, high-voltage switches, insulators and Other products.
From January to April this year, the total import of China's mechanical and electrical products was US$129.56 billion, a year-on-year increase of 28.5%. Among them, excavators were 362.44 million US dollars, up 78% year-on-year; wire and cable was 99.038 million US dollars, up 22% year-on-year; electronic components were 40,735,750 US dollars, up 34% year-on-year.
At the same time, two-thirds of equipment investment in China's social fixed asset investment relies on imports, optical fiber manufacturing equipment, integrated circuit chip manufacturing equipment, petrochemical equipment, car industry equipment, CNC machine tools, textile machinery, offset printing equipment, etc. The market is squeezed by imported products. The annual trade deficit of China's equipment manufacturing products is as high as tens of billions of dollars.
From the perspective of economics, the market and products are closely related. Regarding the confusion faced by the development of domestic equipment manufacturing industry, the opinions of the experts at the meeting coincided with the view that "some domestic users, especially large users with monopolistic significance in a certain sense, do not need domestic equipment" is a major obstacle to the development of equipment manufacturing industry. .
"Compared with some highly monopolized user departments, the equipment manufacturing industry has become a market-oriented industry. In 1984, the state devolved all enterprises to the localities. Since the early 1980s, mechanical products have been completely market-priced, by the state. There are almost no products priced. In the past, we talked about the three-three-three model (state-owned, joint venture, and private capital each accounted for one-third), and now the state-owned enterprise restructuring of the equipment manufacturing industry has taken a big step, and many state-owned enterprises are not entirely meaningful. State-owned enterprises, some enterprises have also achieved overseas listings (such as Harbin Electric listed in Hong Kong). The ownership structure of the equipment manufacturing industry has undergone tremendous changes, but its users have not fundamentally changed, especially in some true sense of monopoly. Users, there is a problem of information asymmetry in the middle. "The State Council revitalized the Northeast Industrial Group Leader Li Ye from a system point of view pointed out a central reason.
Any industrially developed country does not use domestic equipment until it is "armed to the teeth". Even if domestic products are not well used, Korea is a typical example. The complex of Chinese people's domestic products is reflected in every country. Korean star Kim Hee-seon was invited to China to participate in commercial activities. Jin Xishan found that there was no Korean car in the team and refused to take the Mercedes-Benz to leave. Jin Xishan said that he is a Korean, he should take a domestic car. The same is true of the former Soviet Union, where Chinese people generally have a strong domestic product plot. It turns out that equipment products can only get better and better by "using".
"In this regard, we should learn from South Korea and Japan." Li Ye believes that "no need" is a big problem that plagues the revitalization of the equipment manufacturing industry.
In this regard, Wang Jianye, chairman of the China Heavy Machinery Industry Association, which has been working on the localization of large-scale metallurgical complete sets of equipment, said that due to institutional reasons, users introduced equipment and process production control technology to ensure their own production and recent benefits. The confidentiality of the production process technology affects the digestion, absorption and promotion of imported technologies. Some steel producers even rejected domestically developed process control technologies and new products, which greatly delayed the process of localization of metallurgical equipment.
Phenomenon 2: Bundling and bidding blocked projects are not strictly regulated
Since the 1990s, China has implemented the technology development strategy of "market-for-technology", but from the practical results, often our market has let go, and the technology has not been exchanged. In this regard, Feng Baoshan, deputy director of the Planning and Marketing Department of the China Machinery Industry Federation, clearly pointed out that the shield machine in the large-section rock-boring machine is an example. At present, the monopoly of the shield machine market is completely due to the approval of the relevant domestic departments. Take a good turn. She suggested that the implementation of bundled bidding is an important way to solve the problem of market-changing technology and localization of major equipment.
At present, some large cities in China are building subways, and shield machines are indispensable large-scale basic tools. According to Feng Baoshan, the shield machine is an important equipment necessary for the construction of urban underground rail transit. An excavation tunnel requires an average of 5 km. It is gratifying to the industry insiders that the shield machines used in the construction of the subway in Shanghai are all from the Shanghai Tunnel Company and are products developed by the company itself. Since there are already examples of successful manufacturing of shield machines in China, the state should prepare for relevant aspects to support users to use more domestic equipment.
At present, there are many joint ventures between the subway companies and the same foreign shield machine manufacturers in the cities of Beijing and Guangdong, China, and the phenomenon of monopolizing the market by Robbins, Herrenknecht and Mitsubishi. They have joint ventures with many Chinese companies to do shield machine projects. Due to poor internal coordination, domestic manufacturing companies are passive in their cooperation with multinational companies.
"The key components of the 7~8m long shield machine are imported. We only act as a wage earner. At the end of a project, people take away 500 million yuan, and we only took 100 million yuan. The main reason is the relevant state departments. Did not make a good pass, did not follow the market-changing technical principles at the time of project approval, and did not implement bundled bidding." In Feng Baoshan's words, "Some users are reluctant to use or use domestic shields for the sake of reducing construction risks. Construction machinery is a ubiquitous phenomenon, which requires the relevant departments to take certain measures to coordinate the solution."
Wang Mengshu, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and director of the Beijing Jiaotong University Tunnel and Underground Engineering Experimental Research Center, also found a similar proposal in a research project submission submitted to the central government in 2004: "Because of the production of shield machines by Herrenknecht, Germany The supporting factories are patented and form a technical monopoly. Therefore, China should stipulate several manufacturers to tackle the problem separately. At present, the design drawings have been completed, but it is still difficult to get out of the factory for trial. Because the process design requires manufacturers. Participation comes in, the initial benefits are difficult to achieve, so it is necessary to establish a special agency for coordination, and the funds also need the necessary support from the state. The returns of the interests of all parties and the previous investment are unknown, and become the biggest problem affecting localization. It must be decided by the National Development and Reform Commission. Take the lead, organize the construction unit of the subway construction, and specify the localization content. Otherwise, the project will not be approved."
Regarding the issue of bundled tenders, it has once caused controversy in relevant departments. It has been suggested that bundling tenders is a violation of WTO rules. In this regard, experts at the meeting believe that this statement is still a condemnation of relevant interests, and is a false proposition.
Feng Baoshan believes that at present, there is no technical problem in the domestic manufacturing of shield machines. The biggest obstacle is that no one organizes. At the same time, as Party A (owner), many units do not use the concept of domestic equipment, but simply pursue the use of foreign equipment. This lack of understanding does not only exist in a certain field, but is a problem that is currently widespread.
Phenomenon 3: Users take the opportunity to become a one-man show in the manufacturing industry
At the symposium on the localization of CNC machine tools jointly held by the National Development and Reform Commission and the National Defense Science and Technology Commission in May last year, the leaders of an important department said at the meeting that localization is a matter of the production department and has nothing to do with our use of the unit!
Wu Bolin, the Director General of the China Machine Tool Industry Association, expressed deep concern about the indifference of relevant users on the localization of equipment. He believes that many users have two major problems in understanding localization:
First, the evaluation of the status quo of localization is wrong. The level of localization of China's equipment manufacturing industry is still very low, and there is still a long way to go, while some users think that the localization has been done well, and no user support is needed at all. Some good methods of localization that the relevant departments have vigorously promoted, such as bundled bidding, and market-changing technology have also been denied by some big users, and the technology is not tied up.
The second is the localization of self-role positioning issues. Many domestic major equipment users believe that the localization problem has nothing to do with it, it is a matter of the manufacturing sector. A slap in the face does not sound. No user use, no market pull, domestic application of major equipment products and technical updates? How to revitalize the entire equipment manufacturing industry?
Of course, there is also a problem of stakeholderization in relevant departments. Under the influence of certain mechanisms, some users' specific contractors, in order to take the subsidy of 200 US dollars abroad, will not hesitate to let the country spend $2 million to realize the so-called "inviting investment."
Wu Bolin believes that the current domestic CNC machine tool technology, especially the development of a large number of high-end and below CNC systems, is not primarily a scientific and technological breakthrough, but a market cultivation problem.
The research and development of domestic CNC system technology has been solved many years ago, but it still cannot be done after many years. It is considered that the quality and reliability are poor and the price is not low. If the price is to fall, it is necessary to reduce the cost; to improve the reliability, it is necessary to have mass production. These require a stable customer base.
According to reports, China's domestically produced CNC system is the best-performing company to do 200 to 300 mid-range CNC systems every year, while foreign companies such as Siemens and Falak are producing more than 100,000 units per year. "We can't do experiments, and we can't guarantee quality." Wu Bolin pointed out that as early as 20 years ago, multinational companies such as Siemens occupied the Chinese market, and their strategies were instilled in the minds of domestic technicians. . This is also a major factor in the slow development of the domestic machine tool industry.
At the same time, disguised imports have become an important means for some users to exclude domestic equipment.
For example, Li Ye analyzed the disguised import channels that some users are used to:
First, localization replaces imports. In today's economic globalization, many multinational companies choose to invest overseas to establish manufacturing bases, manufacture products abroad, and sell them to host countries or other countries. Its characteristics are: owning manufacturing facilities and technology, the products are completely manufactured by themselves; in the use of resources, it is limited to the use of raw materials, personnel or funds of the host country. At present, many foreign-funded enterprises are building factories in China. Domestic users buy products from joint ventures, such as a power company buying ABB's products in Xiamen and buying Siemens products in Shanghai. Although these products are produced domestically, 80% of their parts are from abroad. The imported products of the mother factory have almost no technical content of localization of these products, and this product occupies a considerable proportion in the current market, which virtually occupies the development space of domestic equipment manufacturing products.
Second, the user restricts the product composition of the manufacturing company in the disguise when purchasing the product, that is, the user forces the domestic supplier to import for them. For example, if a user buys a 10,000-volt high-voltage switchgear at the Beijing Switch Factory, the domestic main product is purchased, but the core main breaker of the product must be imported. This requirement is usually a verbal agreement. Written in the tender, but the rules of the game for the manufacturer to acquiesce is very clear, manufacturers must win in accordance with this unreasonable requirements, otherwise they will lose opportunities. Therefore, many domestic users import a large number of equipment products through such means every year.
Phenomenon 4: Who is the legal policy for the import and export of parts and components?
In the tender for CNC machine tools of Hangzhou Gearbox Factory, the first machine tool factory in Beijing was attracted by the Ningxia Little Giant Machine Tool Co., Ltd. in the industry. Here we need to review the historical background of the Ningxia Little Giant Company. It was jointly funded by Ningxia Great Wall Machine Group and Japan Yamazaki Mazak Machine Tool Manufacturing Company. At that time, in order to introduce Japan's advanced technology, China had another new factory in the case of two old machine tool factories in Ningxia. In the early years of its opening in 2000, it developed rapidly, but the Japanese side suddenly changed its face and did not want joint ventures. We did not learn Japanese advanced technology at all. The Japanese withdrawal means that the machine tool factory will collapse and finally compromise. In 2004, it became Japan. Sole proprietorship company. The Ningxia Little Giant won the price advantage due to the cost advantage of its foreign-invested enterprise in terms of taxation and other aspects.
At present, there are still many such examples. For example, in terms of taxation, the import of whole machines can be tax-free, but the import of parts and components is not tax-free. The problem of super-national treatment of foreign capital is still a lingering pain for state-owned enterprises. This cannot but be said to hinder equipment. A major crux of the revitalization of manufacturing.
In terms of import preferential policies for shield machines, Feng Baoshan has recently submitted a more reasonable suggestion that the preferential treatments obtained after the import of the joint venture parts and components are exempted as state capital into the corresponding state-owned enterprises or private enterprises, rather than joint ventures. . It is also mentioned in the proposal that the parts that can be made in China are not allowed to be imported at present, and taxes are required if they want to import.
Solution: Establishing the five elements of the domestic product awareness expert to localize the major equipment
Yan Yongbin, director of the Major Equipment Office of China Machinery Industry Federation, pointed out that revitalizing the equipment manufacturing industry has a long way to go. It is a long-term strategic deployment and arrangement. Although the state has introduced relevant policies to support the localization of major equipment, in the next five years, China's major equipment manufacturing industry If we can't build several large groups, form our own characteristics, and achieve localization in key equipment, the real rejuvenation of the equipment manufacturing industry will still be in the foreseeable future. Therefore, relevant enterprises should always grasp the pulse of the market and establish a sense of group operations; relevant users should give strong support and cooperation, and there should be a spirit of Koreans' "original soil" to provide the necessary market for the localization of major equipment. opportunity.
On the basis of analysis and summary, the participating experts put forward five suggestions for the localization of major equipment:
First, we must use laws and regulations to regulate the development of equipment manufacturing. Experts point out that truly enlightened users do not. On the one hand, localization relies on the unified leadership of the central government; on the other hand, it depends on the coordination of relevant departments. In the long run, legislation is still the basis and guarantee for the localization of major equipment.
Detailed questions about preferential policies. Experts said that the Ministry of Finance should formulate rules for the localization of major equipment, including accelerated depreciation and tax reduction and exemption for importing key components. Relevant supporting policies The Ministry of Finance must have detailed texts, and the taxation, customs and other departments can implement the implementation.
The protection of large industries in developed countries began in the 1970s, including South Korea and Japan. The "Hillman Act" and "Eriksson Act" of the US on foreign mergers and acquisitions are worth learning.
According to reports, the foreign "Anti-Monopoly Law" contains two lines, one is anti-monopoly, the other is to formulate regulations concerning national security. For example, in the US "Telecom Law", foreign capital must enter its field, and the share ratio should not exceed 15%; the "Transportation Law" stipulates that foreign capital must enter this field, and the share ratio should not exceed 25%. At present, the relevant laws in China are very operability. Experts pointed out that half of the joint ventures in China's equipment manufacturing industry are unsuccessful. Should the joint ventures establish a long-term monitoring mechanism? Do you want to establish accountability? These are all questions that need to be considered. Some experts have pointed out that the issue of foreign capital mergers and acquisitions in China's "Interim Measures on the Management of M&A Management of Equipment Manufacturing Industry" does not mention too conservative.
Second, there should be clear requirements for large companies with national brands. The procurement of large-scale enterprise equipment in monopoly industries should be implemented with reference to the government procurement method.
Experts suggest that the state should purchase major domestic equipment in a planned manner. Equipment that is related to national security and economic lifeline must be purchased by the state. The purchasers of major technical equipment are either state or state-owned companies. The procurement activities of the national management company shall be regarded as government actions. The ordinary people buy things to save money to buy domestic products, and does the national management company consider this issue? Therefore, China's "Government Procurement Law" should be further expanded. It is stipulated that all purchases made by state financial funds should be regarded as government procurement and expand the scope of government procurement.
The laws of countries such as Brazil and India have relevant regulations. Even if foreign-funded projects are used, they must have certain expenditures to purchase domestic equipment. China should learn from the experience of government procurement in relevant countries.
At the same time, we should make full use of our import resources to create favorable conditions for the development of equipment manufacturing. Experts believe that the national debt project is a preferential treatment given by the government, so it should be intervened; the technical reform projects are all subsidized by the state, and the government should also intervene; the projects of the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense are subsidized, the government can intervene; the openness of the National Development Bank Financial cooperation can be intervened; the World Bank, ADB loans and other international loans repaid by the government, the government can also intervene. These are in line with WTO principles.
Third, we must study China's national conditions. Yan Yongbin pointed out that South Korea had achieved localization within 10 years after buying the first generation of nuclear power, and its experience should be used for reference. He believes that "the third generation of nuclear power has increased the main driving force than the second generation. Many people think that the third generation is much more reliable than the second generation, and it is constantly being hyped, and then it is bound by hands and feet.
We decided to independently develop and launch the second generation of nuclear R&D. It is very correct. After the improvement of digestion and transformation, China’s 'two generations plus' nuclear power has independent intellectual property rights, and the localization rate has increased to 60%~70%, and the launch is not one. Two sets of stations have been changed from 4~6 sets to 6~8 sets. Zhang Guobao, deputy director of the National Development and Reform Commission, said recently that four units were launched in the first phase. Therefore, it is very important to propose a guiding ideology that suits China's national conditions. "
"For wind power, foreign countries can't use electricity before they develop clean energy. China is seriously short of electricity. We should first do a good job of thermal power." Yan Yongbin proposed that we should take good care of our own technological path and put forward our own development ideas. important.
Fourth, we should strengthen the patriotism education of the people, strengthen the equipment manufacturing industry is the publicity and education of the national economy, and raise the awareness of the whole people and the whole society. Is national economic development and economic and social development based on imports or on national manufacturing? This involves the stage of the equipment manufacturing industry's ability to display, and there is a stage to revitalize.
According to reports, a lot of cartoons are hanging on the factory wall of the Toyota Motor Factory in Japan, which were created by teenagers who came to visit. In 2004, 200,000 people in the country visited the Toyota Motor Factory, and 70,000 of them were children of primary school and below. Japan’s industrialization education is very advanced, allowing children to receive industrial education from an early age and know what a big factory is. And this is what our education lacks.
Fifth, establish an engineering design and research institute. Wang Jianye suggested that the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission or the National Development and Reform Commission must have its own engineering design institute to give Chinese equipment manufacturing a performance opportunity.
What is exciting is that the state has attached great importance to the issue of localization of major equipment. In the "Several Opinions of the State Council on Accelerating the Revitalization of Equipment Manufacturing Industry" issued on June 16, it was clearly stated that it is encouraged to order and use the first domestic (set) major technical equipment. The national key projects for ordering and using the first (set) domestically produced major technical equipment may be identified as demonstration projects for technological progress, and priority shall be given. The user unit purchases the first (set) domestically produced major technical equipment, and the state provides support through appropriate subsidies for special funds or accelerated equipment depreciation. As soon as possible, study and establish a major technical equipment insurance mechanism for project owners, equipment manufacturing and insurance companies to share risks and share benefits, and guide equipment manufacturers and project owners to insure the first (set) of domestically produced major technical equipment.
The Ministry of Finance recently issued the "Opinions on Implementing the Government Procurement Policy for Promoting Independent Innovation" to all localities, requiring the financial departments at all levels to conduct pilot projects within certain procurement scopes or select some procurement projects, and establish a sense of domestic products in procurement activities. And to study and establish an effective incentive mechanism for the procurement of independent innovation products. These have promoted the process of localization of major equipment to a certain extent.
Authoritative point of view
He Guangyuan: Modernization cannot be bought. We must rely on our own strength to develop our own brands, revitalize the national industry, and finally achieve modernization.
Lu Yanwei: The environment for the development of the equipment manufacturing industry has everything in place, and the development prospects are immeasurable.
Li Ye: The ownership structure of the equipment manufacturing industry has undergone tremendous changes, but its users have not undergone fundamental changes, especially in some real monopolistic users. There is a problem of information asymmetry in the middle.
Any industrially developed country does not use domestic equipment until it is "armed to the teeth". Even if domestic products are not well used, Korea is a typical example.
Yan Yongbin: In the next five years, if China's major equipment manufacturing industry can't build several large groups, form its own characteristics, and achieve localization in key equipment, the real significance of the equipment manufacturing industry will still be in the foreseeable future. Relevant enterprises should always grasp the pulse of the market and establish a sense of operational awareness of the group; relevant users should give strong support and cooperation to learn the national spirit of Koreans' "different soils" and provide necessary market opportunities for the localization of major equipment.
Wu Bolin: At present, the domestic CNC machine tool technology, especially the development of a large number of high-end and below CNC systems, is not primarily a scientific and technological breakthrough, but a market cultivation problem.
Wang Jianye: Due to institutional reasons, the confidentiality of imported production technology has affected the digestion, absorption and popularization of imported technologies. Some companies even reject domestically developed process control technologies and new products, which greatly delays the localization of metallurgical equipment.
Feng Baoshan: Bundling bidding is an important way to solve the problem of market-changing technology and localization of major equipment.
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