Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are the most commonly used fertilizers in agricultural production, and are essential nutrients for plant growth and development, also known as “three elements of fertilizerâ€. In agricultural production, the loss of fertilizer is often caused by improper fertilization methods.
1, nitrogen fertilizer
The nitrogen fertilizer commonly used in agricultural production mainly includes ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium hydrogencarbonate, ammonia water, liquid ammonia, ammonium nitrate, calcium ammonium nitrate, urea and the like. Studies have shown that the nitrogen fertilizer absorbed by field crops in the current year does not exceed 40% to 50% of the amount of fertilizer used. If the application method is not correct, the fertilizer utilization rate will be reduced from 40% to 50% to 20% to 30%.
In order to reduce the loss of nitrogen nutrients and increase their utilization rate, the following measures can be taken:
(1) Deep application of ammonium nitrogen fertilizer. The ammonium nitrogen fertilizer is applied deep in the soil layer 8-15 cm deep and covered with soil, which can increase the adsorption of ammonium ions on the soil, reduce the volatilization of nitrogen nutrients, and improve its utilization. According to the field experiment of the Orchard Farm of Guizhou Forestry School, deep application can increase fertilizer efficiency by 10% to 25% compared with ground application.
(2) Application due to soil. The texture and organic matter content of the soil have an effect on the application of nitrogen fertilizer. It is generally believed that the organic matter in sandy soils is fast mineralized and poor in fertilizer retention, and should be applied in small amounts multiple times. The organic matter mineralization in clay soil is slow, and the applied nitrogen fertilizer is easily adsorbed by soil colloids and fixed by microorganisms. The performance is strong, and the application can be applied in large quantities and small times; while the loam is fertilized and fertilized, and the fertilizer can be fertilized at any time according to the growth of the plant.
(3) Fertilization due to plants. Different plants have different amounts and types of nitrogen fertilizers. Plants that harvest leaves, such as leafy vegetables, tea trees, mulberry trees, etc., are mainly ammonium nitrogen; stem fiber-like plants are preferably ammonium chloride, such as hemp, Eucommia, Astragalus, etc.; flowers and fruit trees are often nitrated Ammonium nitrogen fertilizer is preferred. The amount of nitrogen required for different periods of the same plant is also different. In spring and summer, the nitrogen requirement is more than 52%. When the fruit is in the expansion period, the amount needs to be reduced. The nitrogen fertilizer should be applied early in time, but do not apply nitrogen fertilizer when the fruit is ripe to prevent glutinous and late maturity.
(4) Cooperate with other fertilizers. China's soil is generally deficient in nitrogen, but if phosphorus is deficient, the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer is also very low. Therefore, the combination of nitrogen with phosphorus, potassium and trace element fertilizers, nitrogen fertilizer and organic fertilizers will be better.
(5) A synergist is added to the nitrogen fertilizer. Nitrogen fertilizer synergist is an organic chemical substance that is used in combination with nitrogen fertilizer to inhibit soil nitrification and reduce the loss of nitrogen fertilizer due to denitrification. The synergists currently being tested and tried in China include 2-chloro-6 (trichloromethyl), pyridine (CP), thiourea (SU), 2-amino-4-chloro-6methylpyrimidine (AM) and the like.
2, phosphate fertilizer
Phosphorus has a great relationship with cell division and synthesis, transformation, transport and respiration of organic matter. The application of phosphate fertilizer can increase plant resistance and inhibit plant growth.
In rural areas, the loss of phosphate fertilizer due to improper application of phosphate fertilizer is particularly serious. According to the survey, when applying phosphate fertilizer in rural areas in the south, it is often applied directly or in the soil directly into the soil. Because most of the soil in the south is acidic, it has a strong fixation effect on phosphorus. Once the phosphorus is fixed, it is lost. Fertilizer effect, thus greatly reducing the fertilizer efficiency of phosphate fertilizer.
In order to improve the utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer, the following measures can be taken when applying:
(1) Different types of phosphate fertilizers are applied according to soil conditions, and different phosphate fertilizers are applied to different soils. Superphosphate is a water-soluble phosphate fertilizer suitable for most soils, but it is better for neutral soil and alkaline soil; calcium-phosphorus fertilizer, alkaline slag and other weak acid-soluble phosphate fertilizers should be applied to neutral or acidic soils; Insoluble phosphate fertilizers such as mineral powder and bone meal can be applied to acidic soils to exert their fertilizer effects. The lower the soil contains available phosphorus, the higher the fertilizer efficiency of applying phosphate fertilizer. Therefore, the effect of increasing the yield after applying phosphate fertilizer in the thin phosphorus-poor soil is obvious.
(2) Phosphate fertilizer combined with nitrogen fertilizer application. Phosphorus-deficient soils are also generally deficient in nitrogen. However, if the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus is well matched, the utilization rate of phosphorus can be increased from 13.8% to 30%, and the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus is 2:1.
(3) Centralized application, near root application and layered application. Phosphate fertilizer has little mobility in calcareous soil and acid soil, and is prone to chemical fixation. Therefore, the use of strips, hole application, rooting, seed dressing, foliar spraying, deep application of base fertilizer, etc., can reduce the contact area of ​​phosphate fertilizer and soil, and strive to apply near roots, in order to better improve the utilization of phosphate fertilizer.
(4) Mixing with organic fertilizer for application. The poorly soluble phosphate fertilizer (such as phosphate rock) is best mixed with green manure, compost, and peat before being applied. The carbon dioxide and organic acid produced by the organic fertilizer during the decomposition process contribute to the conversion of the water-insoluble phosphorus compound into effective phosphorus in the phosphate fertilizer, and also prevent the water-soluble phosphorus from being fixed by the calcium, magnesium, iron and aluminum ions in the soil. This can improve the fertilizer efficiency of poorly soluble phosphate fertilizer. Phosphate fertilizer added by stacking is generally 5% to 10% of organic fertilizer.
3. Inorganic potash
The application of potassium fertilizer in agricultural production can improve the lodging resistance, drought resistance and disease resistance of plants. Single application of potassium fertilizer is generally ineffective, and it is effective only when combined with nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers. According to the experiment of orchard field in Guizhou Forestry School, the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 2:1:0.5. During the application process, some potassium chloride plants and seedlings, such as tobacco, spruce, tea trees, fruit trees, etc., should be used with caution.
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