Abstract Two-dimensional (2D) materials are expected to take over at the end of the 2028 silicon material referred to by the International Semiconductor Technology Blueprint (ITRS), the most well-known of which is graphene; scientists are also studying other "fantasy materials &r ...
Two-dimensional (2D) materials are expected to take over at the end of the 2028 silicon material referred to by the International Semiconductor Technology Blueprint (ITRS), the most well-known of which is graphene; scientists are also studying other "fantasy materials". Including transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD), such as molybdenum disulphide (MoS2). There is now a new 2D material, black phosphorus, which is considered to solve some of the problems of graphene. Black phosphorus has no disadvantages of graphene—graphene lacks bandgap and is incompatible with silicon; compatibility with silicon is expected to promote the development of silicon photonics technology. Light, not electrons, deliver digital signals. Mo Li, a professor at the University of Minnesota, who led the research team, said: "We have confirmed for the first time that a crystal black phosphor photodetector can be transferred to a silicon photonic circuit, and its performance is as good as that of germanium. It is the gold standard for photodetectors."
Phosphorus is a highly reactive substance in nature – which is why they are used to make matches – but when phosphorus is baked in the oven at a precise temperature, its color will turn black, not only will it become Very stable, it also transforms into a pure crystal form that can be stripped onto a silicon substrate. Researchers at the University of Minnesota used 20 monolayers of black phosphorus to create the first component to prove their optical circuitry, which is said to reach 3Gbps communication speeds.
High-performance photodetectors use only a few layers of black phosphorus (red part) to sense light in the waveguide (green part); graphene (gray) can also be used to adjust its performance (source: College of Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota)
The biggest advantage of black phosphorus over graphene is that it has an energy gap, making it easier to detect light; and its energy gap can be adjusted by the number of black phosphor layers stacked on the silicon substrate, so that it can absorb the visible range and The wavelength of the infrared range used for communication. In addition, because black phosphorus is a direct-band semiconductor, it can also convert electronic signals into light. Li said: "One of our short-term goals is to make black phosphorus transistors, while the long-term goal is in silicon. Black phosphorus laser components are implemented in the wafer."
The researchers integrated black phosphorus into a silicon waveguide optical interferometer (thin line on the way) to accurately measure its light absorption and detect the photocurrent generated by it (Source: College of Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota)
Li claims that there is no serious trade-off between the adjustable energy-saving gap characteristics of black phosphorus and the high-speed operation of other materials in the various 2D materials currently under study. The materials are "best performing" in both of the above conditions. The sponsors of the study include the ir Force Office of Scientific Research and the National Science Foundation (NSF).
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