**1. Structure and Working Principle of Centrifugal Pumps** The structure of a centrifugal pump is designed to efficiently move liquids by converting mechanical energy into fluid energy. Depending on the orientation of the shaft, pumps can be either horizontal or vertical. They can also be divided into volute-type and guide-vane-type based on the design of the pressure chamber and the way liquid is drawn in. The prime mover, typically an electric motor or diesel engine, provides the necessary power to drive the impeller. The impeller, which contains curved blades (usually 6–12 in number), rotates at high speed and transfers energy to the liquid. The pump casing, often referred to as the volute, collects the liquid that is thrown out by the impeller and directs it towards the discharge pipe. The shaft seal prevents leakage of the pumped liquid and keeps air from entering the system. **2. How Centrifugal Pumps Work** To operate correctly, a centrifugal pump must first be primed with liquid before starting. When the motor is turned on, the impeller rotates rapidly, creating a low-pressure area at the inlet. This pressure difference causes the liquid to be drawn into the pump through the suction pipe. As the impeller spins, the liquid gains velocity and pressure, and is then expelled through the discharge pipe. This continuous process allows the pump to move liquid from a lower elevation to a higher one. **3. Common Failures and Maintenance Tips** Centrifugal pumps can experience a variety of issues, including mechanical wear, improper installation, incorrect operation, or component failure. Some common problems include: - **Failure to start**: This may be due to a faulty motor, damaged capacitor, or blocked rotor. - **No water discharge or low flow**: This could indicate clogged filters, air locks, or damaged impellers. - **Excessive vibration or noise**: Often caused by misalignment, bearing wear, or loose parts. - **Overheating bearings**: May result from insufficient lubrication or excessive load. - **Cavitation**: Occurs when vapor bubbles form and collapse inside the pump, causing damage. When troubleshooting, it’s important to check the pump’s operational parameters and refer to maintenance records. Regular inspections and proper maintenance can significantly extend the lifespan of a centrifugal pump. For more information, visit [China Hardware Business Network](http://news.chinawj.com.cn) or contact the editorial team for detailed technical support.
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